Sentences with phrase «for confounding»

In order to adjust for the confounding effect of stress, we also asked each participant to fill out the 10 - item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)[18], so that the perceived stress level could be adjusted.

Although Fig 1 shows that infants of women with persistent symptoms had a lower prevalence of adequate well - child care, no difference in adequate well - child care was found between women with persistent or ever symptoms and those without symptoms, after adjustment for confounding variables.

Two simultaneous regression analyses were used to determine if parenting factors predict adolescent glycemic control and adherence while controlling for confounding factors (the child's age, sex, and the treatment method).

The findings for emotional symptoms are in line with studies from New Zealand showing that the number of depressive episodes in adolescence was associated with later self - reported welfare dependence after adjustment for confounding factors and comorbidity.17 In a study with an outcome measure similar to that of our study, Pape et al16 reported that anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence increased the susceptibility of receiving medical benefits in early adulthood in a Norwegian sample.

The pattern of results did not change after controlling for confounding variables.

There was weak evidence of an association between partner alcohol use and baseline adolescent depressive symptoms after adjusting for confounding variables (b = -.065, 95 % CI = -.13, -.00, p =.05).

Children living in disharmonious homes had significantly more problems than children from harmonious homes, and control for confounding variables, such as the mothers» mental health, did not alter this relationship.

The findings of this study showed that: (a) increasing rates of early anxiety / withdrawal were associated with an increased risk of later anxiety and depression; (b) positive parent — child attachment in adolescence was associated with a decline in the risk of later anxiety and depression; and (c) these associations persisted even after controlling for confounding factors.

After adjusting for confounding, exposure to both foster and residential care, longer placements and multiple placements were associated with more extensive adult emotional and behavioural difficulties.

«Although mate choice studies in humans have routinely recorded pill use during the last decade to control for its confounding effects, little effort has been invested in understanding the consequences of such effects of the pill,» said study author Alexandra Alvergne from the University of Sheffield.

Adjusting for confounding variables is important, as previous studies report an association between depression and alcohol use, cannabis use [25 — 27], traumatic events (e.g. sexual abuse)[16], low perceived family support [28], a low level of maternal education [29], and under - attainment at school [12].

This study assessed the relationships between depressive symptoms, physical aggressive behaviors and gender in a large, representative, community - based sample of adolescents aged 15 — 19 (N = 6,677), adjusting for confounding variables.

We reconstructed the hierarchical linear model from Study 1 to investigate the association of nation attachment with heritage culture identification when controlling for confounding variables, with individuals nested in their reported nationality groups.

After adjusting for confounding variables, the odds - ratio between depressive symptoms and physical aggressive behaviors was around 1.4.

Results After adjusting for confounding, there was some evidence of effect measure modification on the additive and multiplicative scales of childcare quality by income.

Linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between psychiatric disorder from age 18 to 25 and workforce participation, income and living standards, and educational achievement at age 30, before and after adjustment for confounding factors.

After adjustment for confounding factors, the associations between psychiatric disorder and workforce participation, income and living standards remained significant (all P < 0.05), but the associations between psychiatric disorder and educational achievement were not significant (all P > 0.10).

To examine whether the extent of common psychiatric disorder between ages 18 and 25 is associated with negative economic and educational outcomes at age 30, before and after controlling for confounding factors.

After adjustment for confounding factors, the association between frequency of depression and all mental health outcomes, and welfare dependence and unemployment, remained significant (P < 0.05).

In addition, studies that include statistical controls for confounding family conditions (such as family structure) offer better causal estimates than studies that do not.

To adjust the observed associations for confounding by childhood and family factors and comorbid disorders, we fitted generalized estimating equation models29, 30 to the data.

We used multivariate linear regression with TV - viewing time (in minutes) as the dependent variable to control for confounding and explore possible interactions among study variables.

For suicidal ideation, the association with extent of depression at ages 17 to 18 years remained significant after adjustment for confounding.

If my data contains misleading evidence, looking for confounding variables can expose them, and if my reasoning contains unstated assumptions, looking for hidden variables can expose them.

The study, published in Nature Geoscience, adjusts for the confounding effects of historical glacial growth and retreat by examing the acceleration of the change in elevation on rocky territories, rather than the velocity.

«Unlike in fields such as public health, much of the empirical work in conservation science fails to control for confounding factors that can mask or mimic the impacts of conservation programs and policies.»

Your assessment of the communicative «risks» may make logical sense, but in order to verify the cause - and - effect you are suggesting you need data that control for confounding variables, such as political identification.

A rising star in the global art world, the French, London - based artist Laure Prouvost is recognized for her confounding nonlinear films and immersive environmental installations.

In journal article after journal article, and book after book, I found cat - predation studies that were flawed by small sample size, samples that were not shown to be typical, unjustified generalizations, a failure to account for confounding factors, and a tendency to assume that predation of individual birds necessarily resulted in damage to bird populations at the species level.

To control for this confounding factor, I used a variety of controls to account for a wide variety of parent involvement.

However, the study tests for confounding only among teachers within a school.

Two other studies have taken different approaches, and both demonstrate the potential for confounding, although neither proves it exists.

They should use models advocated by studies that compare alternative value - added approaches, [28] and if they work with a vendor, use one that has given the potential for confounding careful consideration.

For confounding to occur, these kinds of factors must consistently be associated with the students of a particular teacher, so that they result in a value - added score that consistently underestimates or overestimates her effectiveness.

It is difficult to test for confounding of value - added estimates using data collected on students and their teachers in standard settings.

When the children were compared after accounting for those confounding factors, the probability for being identified for special education was always lower for minority students.

It all makes for a confounding paradox.

Body weight was maintained in the studies described to control for the confounding effects of weight change.

The study says «statin therapy was associated with a 46 % increased risk of type 2 diabetes after adjustment for confounding factors».

However, the control for confounding by smoking and alcohol (both yes / no answers only) was insufficient21.

The study is characterised by incomplete control for confounding by the daily number of cigarettes smoked or the duration of nausea and vomiting (only yes / no answers).

The China Study has serious flaws as detailed in various critiques, and the others you present are observational studies that can not and do not adjust for all confounding factors, the most glaring of which is the comparison of plant - based diets against average (i.e. poorly planned) omnivorous diets.

After adjusting for confounding factors, hose who ate the highest levels of whole foods were the least likely to report symptoms of depression, while those who ate the highest levels of highly processed foods were most likely to report depression.

You randomize people into two groups; half get the drug, and half don't, to control for confounding factors.

Compared with infants who were breast - fed with no milk supplements, and after adjusting for confounding variables, those completely weaned had 14.2 and 3.6 times the risk of death from diarrhoea and respiratory infections, respectively.

Good experimentation is mostly about controlling for confounding variables.

«After adjusting for confounding factors, they found that men who consumed a daily bowl of whole grain (but not refined) cereal had a 29 percent lower risk of heart failure.»

The thing is, «chronic endurance exercise» actually does n`t seem to «reduce lifespan» — the available data suggest the opposite, in fact... (observational data corrected for confounding factors, as RCTs on this question are pretty much impossible, for obvious reasons..)

Newer, higher quality studies that have attempted to control for these confounding diet and lifestyle factors haven't found any survival advantage in becoming vegetarian.

1) There is tremendous potential for confounding bias in this study.