Sentences with phrase «for differences in»

Six possible reasons for the differences in value - added between tests: timing, statistical imprecision, test content, cognitive demands, test format, and the consequences of the test.

Accounting for differences in states» costs of living, California would have needed to spend an additional $ 13.5 billion in 2015 - 16 to equal spending per K - 12 student in the nation as a whole, an increase of 19.1 %.

These comparisons don't account for differences in demographics among states nor changes in demographics over time.

The report analyzes challenges plaguing the study of curriula, including variations in how curriculum is defined, accounting for differences in district versus teacher - selected curriculum, and the lack of clear standards used by researchers to evaluate the fidelity of curriculum implementation.

Assessment recognizes individual diversity of learners and allows for differences in styles and rates of learning.

The report cites the well - established principle that teaching quality is the most powerful school - based factor in student learning — one that outweighs students» social and economic background in accounting for differences in student learning.

Forty - seven percent of voters agreed with the statement that standardized testing hurts education in California by pressuring teachers to teach to the test and fails to account for differences in cultural and economic backgrounds and learning style

«One of the basic things you always have to do when writing about education results is to account for differences in the populations,» said Fredrik deBoer, Academic Assessment Manager Brooklyn College, in a phone interview.

Large differences in funding between states remain even after accounting for differences in the cost of living between states.

At some point America will realize that it needs different educational policies for the differences in schools.

does not account for differences in school performance beyond test scores and graduation rates.»

The aim is to monitor the performance of each year's GCSE cohort, to give examiners a reference point for differences in ability between different year groups, says the regulator.

While a fair amount of evidence suggests that value - added measures adequately adjust for differences in the background characteristics of students in each teacher's classroom — much better than do most other measures — value - added measures are imprecise.

That is because these trials do a better job adjusting for differences in teaching contexts.

That is, assessing programs with value - added measures is easier than it is with test scores alone because the value - added measures account for differences in the students that teachers teach.

The Index accounts for differences in state exams and poverty concentration at the school level.

At the eighth - grade level, a 21 point lead, roughly the equivalent of two grade levels, disappeared after adjusting for differences in student backgrounds.

The similarities of these two schools eliminate many of the traditional explanations for differences in student achievement and we are left with banal descriptions of «good teaching» in one or «ineffective leadership» in the other.

The proposed formula would include better measures for differences in the cost of living across districts.

CAP recommends that the federal government establish a national per - pupil spending minimum of $ 7,500 per student after adjusting for differences in cost of living.

Known as the Local Control Funding Formula, California's approach would allocate each district around $ 7,600 per student, on average, almost certainly putting a great many of the state's districts above the $ 7,500 threshold after adjusting for differences in cost of living.

Third, the current formula does not adequately account for differences in education costs across districts or across states, as they use current state expenditures to measure costs.

Secondly, we looked for differences in peer commentary between the three academic years that comprised this study.

At the next meeting, the Leadership Team identified numerous explanations for differences in outcomes among students of diverse racial, ethnic, cultural and linguistic backgrounds.

After accounting for differences in how much families earn, both districts» PTA revenues remained steady during this time period, with per - pupil PTA revenues equal to 0.06 percent of the income of the median household with children.

Be sure to account for differences in cultural bias, language barriers, and other differentiating factors in order to meet the needs of all students.

In higher - performing settings, district leaders understood that the reasons for differences in student performance, or in implementation of district initiatives, were particular to the setting.

The National Institute for Labor Relations Research reported that in 2011, when disposable personal income — personal income minus taxes — was adjusted for differences in living costs, the seven states with the lowest incomes per capita (Alaska, California, Hawaii, Maine, Oregon, Vermont, and West Virginia) lack Right to Work laws.

Do differences among states help to account for differences in the way in which district administrators interpret state leadership for improvement and their own responsibilities?

In testing whether adolescents attending schools with a strong civic climate were more likely to envision themselves as active citizens, I control for differences in a wide variety of individual and contextual factors that could also affect anticipated engagement.

Beginning with James Coleman's research in the 1960s, comparisons of public and private schools have suffered under a powerful critique: that such comparisons can never fully account for differences in the types of students who attend public and private schools.

While complete data were not available for any other year, we repeated this analysis with the Class of 2012 using 10th - grade test scores to control for differences in student ability and found, reassuringly, a similar pattern.

I also control for differences in the average level of education attained by the parents of other students in the school, the average length of time that its students have lived in their community, and the political diversity within the school population (as measured by differences in self - reported major - party affiliation).

The regression analyses used to generate fitted values are weighted by the inverse of each observation's estimated variance to account for differences in the number of respondents from each state; unweighted regressions yield substantively similar results.

Florida middle schools also spend 11 percent less per student and have higher student - teacher ratios than K — 8 schools, suggesting a potential role for differences in available resources.

Yet that seems to be only part of the story: Dr. Jerrim said he was surprised to discover a considerable gap in access to selective colleges and universities even after accounting for differences in academic performance as measured by grades or standardized tests.

In the few studies that accounted for differences in family background and so on, their lead shrank.

We adjusted school spending for differences in cost of living across districts.

Unlike some other methods of estimating teacher effectiveness, such as value - added modeling, MGP calculations do not try to adjust for differences in student characteristics.

After decades of relying on often - perfunctory classroom observations to assess teacher performance, districts from Washington, D.C., to Los Angeles now evaluate many of their teachers based in part on VA measures and, in some cases, use these measures as a basis for differences in compensation.

Sophisticated statistical programs can help administrators draw vital inferences about the learning process, especially about the extent to which each teacher is providing «value - added» to students (after allowing for differences in student backgrounds and other influences on learning that teachers can't control).

The Coleman team reported that sophomores and seniors at Catholic schools outperformed their public - school peers by roughly a full grade level after adjusting for differences in an extensive set of family background measures.

By design, this third approach fully adjusts student test scores for differences in student and school characteristics.

The best of this work has taken advantage of the lottery - based admissions processes used by many school - choice programs, enabling researchers to draw far stronger conclusions about how schools affect student outcomes than the methods Coleman employed, which relied on simple regression techniques to adjust for differences in students» family background.

But interpreting growth measures based on the one - step value - added approach in this way requires assuming that the available measures of student and school SES, and the specific methods used to adjust for differences in SES, are both adequate.

In the first step, test scores are adjusted for differences in prior test scores and the demographic characteristics of the students the schools serve.

To test this, we made a second set of comparisons that adjust for differences in the background characteristics and prior performance of incoming students.

PISA results show that, even after accounting for differences in performance and socio - economic status, girls who perceive that their parents encourage them to be confident in their abilities were 21 % less likely to report that they feel tense when they study, on average across OECD countries.

PISA results show that when students discuss money matters with their parents, they have significantly higher financial literacy skills, even after accounting for differences in socio - economic background and their performance in other subjects.

The fact that we have already controlled for differences in teachers» experience makes this explanation unlikely.