The more usual individualistic models of marriage choice, which would consider this pattern «nonnormative» or «disorderly,» may not be appropriate
for ethnic subgroups such as the Hmong, where high educational expectations coexist with high rates of early marriage and early childbearing.
Thus, targeted breastfeeding interventions are needed
for ethnic subgroups whose breastfeeding outcomes fall below the national rates for their ethnic / racial group.
Not exact matches
The large size and diverse racial /
ethnic makeup of the Breast Cancer Family Registry allowed the researchers to evaluate mortality risk across different subtypes of breast cancer and
subgroups of patients, and adjust
for confounding factors.
The researchers identified several hundred differences in methylation associated with either Mexican or Puerto Rican ethnicity, but discovered that only three - quarters of the epigenetic difference between the two
ethnic subgroups could be accounted
for by differences in the children's genetic ancestry.
Discrimination against entire
subgroups could also occur if,
for example, genetic variants were found to correlate with a more favorable vaccine or treatment response, but only in certain
ethnic groups; also, drug development might focus on these «more responsive
subgroups.
[12] The guidance does not explicitly prohibit aggregation of data across racial and
ethnic subgroups in cases in which data
for those disaggregated categories would be impossible to report due to sample sizes falling below the state's specified n - size.
Advocates seeking transparency
for individual racial /
ethnic subgroups of students have been vocal in their opposition to the «super
subgroup» approach.
Most disaggregated: This column uses the n - size
for each grade level, racial /
ethnic subgroup, and school year, with no further aggregation.
[11] The same document prohibits states from combining «major racial and
ethnic subgroups... into a... «super-subgroup,» as a substitute
for considering student data in each of the major racial and
ethnic groups separately (emphasis added).»
Pooling data across years and grades will include most students in accountability systems, but
for lower enrollment populations, pooling across racial /
ethnic groups may provide an opportunity to include students in accountability systems in cases where
subgroup size is otherwise too small.
For smaller American Indian / Alaskan Native and Hawaiian Native / Pacific Islander subgroups, the majority of students in the subgroup remain uncovered if only students in that subgroup are pooled: the «super subgroup» strategy of aggregating across racial / ethnic groups is the only way to account for most students in these groups, although their data are not identifiable at the subgroup lev
For smaller American Indian / Alaskan Native and Hawaiian Native / Pacific Islander
subgroups, the majority of students in the
subgroup remain uncovered if only students in that
subgroup are pooled: the «super
subgroup» strategy of aggregating across racial /
ethnic groups is the only way to account
for most students in these groups, although their data are not identifiable at the subgroup lev
for most students in these groups, although their data are not identifiable at the
subgroup level.
Two - year data averaging: using two school years» worth of data on the racial /
ethnic subgroup for that grade level, so drawing on two cohorts of students.
NCLB holds schools accountable
for performance of
subgroups — major racial and
ethnic groups, students with disabilities, and English - language learners.
He found no detectable benefit from mandated class size reduction — either
for students in general or
for any student
subgroup, racial,
ethnic, or level of disadvantage.
One of the key reasons
for a possible disconnect is the law's requirement that not only the entire school but also racial,
ethnic, economic, and other
subgroups within the school make adequate yearly progress.
In addition, we control
for determinants of student achievement that may change over time, such as a teacher's experience level, as well as
for student characteristics, such as prior - year test scores, gender, racial /
ethnic subgroup, special education classification, gifted classification, English proficiency classification, and whether the student was retained in the same grade.
Progress is to be measured both
for all students and
for students disaggregated into various
subgroups, including disadvantaged students, those with limited English proficiency, students with disabilities, and those from racial or
ethnic minority populations.
(
For survey methodology, see sidebar) Here we report the opinions of both the public at large and three
ethnic subgroups (whites, African Americans, and Hispanics).
Our call
for more studies on racial /
ethnic subgroup disparities echoes a recommendation published 15 years ago by the AAP Task Force on Minority Children's Access to Pediatric Care that more attention be paid to the heterogeneity of API populations.24
States set annual district and school targets
for grade - level achievement, high school graduation, and closing achievement gaps,
for all students, including accelerated progress
for subgroups (each major racial and
ethnic group, students with disabilities, English language learners, and students from low - income families), and rate schools and districts on how well they meet the targets.
The federal government is permitting many schools to escape accountability
for the progress of racial or
ethnic subgroups under the No Child Left Behind Act, according to a computer analysis released by the Associated Press last week.
For a school or district to make adequate yearly progress, both the overall student population and each
subgroup of students — major racial and
ethnic groups, children from low - income families, students with disabilities, and students with limited proficiency in English — must meet or exceed the target set by the state.
This shift in focus creates a problem
for certain
subgroups, such as students with limited English proficiency or students from racial or
ethnic backgrounds, because these individuals are frequently the ones on the lower grid of the achievement gap.
The Arizona Republic recently «Fact Checked» a statement from Arizona Charter Schools Association President and CEO Eileen Sigmund and found that it's true: Arizona's public charter school students from all racial and
ethnic groups outperformed the state average
for their
subgroup on 2017 AzMERIT.
Kopperud points out that the new law requires chronic absenteeism rates to be disaggregated by all the significant
subgroups, including racial and
ethnic subgroups as well as
subgroups for homeless students and foster youth.
No, it won't walk away from holding schools accountable
for subgroups of students that weren't supposed to be left behind: racial and
ethnic minorities, economically disadvantaged students, special - needs students and English learners.
In this section, each school district must list its annual goals
for all students as well as
for specific
subgroups of students (including racial /
ethnic subgroups, the three target
subgroups — English learners, low income students, and foster youth — and students with disabilities).
Authorizers must also place increases in student achievement
for all
subgroups as the most important factor when determining whether to renew or revoke a school's charter - including the progress of economically disadvantaged students, students from major racial and
ethnic groups, students with disabilities, and students with limited English proficiency.
By allowing states to ditch racial,
ethnic, and economic
subgroup categories and replace them with a super-
subgroup subterfuge that commingles poor and minority students into one, the administration is making it difficult
for families, especially black, Latino, and Asian families who are joining the middle class
for the first time and moving into suburbia — to get the information they need to make smart decisions
for their kids, and impede them from helping to advance systemic reform.
The odds of having comorbid disorders are higher than expected by chance
for most racial /
ethnic subgroups, except when base rates of disorders were already high or when cell sizes were small.
To ensure that the study included a sizable proportion of racial /
ethnic minorities and low - income respondents
for more accurate
subgroup analyses, there was also an oversampling of US telephone exchanges that had a population of 70 % or more of African American, Hispanic, or low - income households.