Sentences with phrase «for eukaryotes»

The main source of energy for eukaryotes is glucose.

Facilities for ancient DNA and for single cell sequencing for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes and for genome engineering.

Genome - reconstruction for eukaryotes from complex natural microbial communities — Patrick T West, Genome Research

18S rRNA is similar to 16S rRNA but for eukaryotes (like us); ITS is the internally transcribed spacer, a very fast - evolving region that lets you see very detailed information about the species that are there.

Importantly, among those ESPs are proteins (small Ras / Arf - type GTPases) critical for eukaryotes» ability to direct traffic amongst all those intercellular compartments.

Not exact matches

«In its 4.6 billion years circling the sun, the Earth has harbored an increasing diversity of life forms: for the last 3.6 billion years, simple cells (prokaryotes); for the last 3.4 billion years, cyanobacteria performing ph - otosynthesis; for the last 2 billion years, complex cells (eukaryotes); for the last 1 billion years, multicellular life; for the last 600 million years, simple animals; for the last 550 million years, bilaterians, animals with a front and a back; for the last 500 million years, fish and proto - amphibians; for the last 475 million years, land plants; for the last 400 million years, insects and seeds; for the last 360 million years, amphibians; for the last 300 million years, reptiles; for the last 200 million years, mammals; for the last 150 million years, birds; for the last 130 million years, flowers; for the last 60 million years, the primates, for the last 20 million years, the family H - ominidae (great apes); for the last 2.5 million years, the genus H - omo (human predecessors); for the last 200,000 years, anatomically modern humans.»

for the last 3.6 billion years, simple cells (prokaryotes); for the last 3.4 billion years, cyanobacteria performing photosynthesis; for the last 2 billion years, complex cells (eukaryotes); for the last 1 billion years, multicellular life; for the last 600 million years, simple animals; for the last 550 million years, bilaterians, animals with a front and a back; for the last 500 million years, fish and proto - amphibians; for the last 475 million years, land plants; for the last 400 million years, insects and seeds; for the last 360 million years, amphibians; for the last 300 million years, reptiles; for the last 200 million years, ma - mmals; for the last 150 million years, birds; for the last 130 million years, flowers; for the last 60 million years, the primates, for the last 20 million years, the family H - ominidae (great apes); for the last 2.5 million years, the genus H - omo (human predecessors); for the last 200,000 years, anatomically modern humans.

Patrick Forterre of the University of Paris - Sud has also analyzed enzymes responsible for DNA replication and has concluded that the genes for such enzymes in eukaryotes probably have a viral origin.

This observation has puzzled scientists for decades: How could the complex cell types from eukaryotes have emerged from the simple cells of Archaea?

«That might tie the diversification of eukaryotes and the appearance of predators to evidence for increasing oxygen levels around 800 million years ago.

At some point, Martin speculates, the bacterium gave the archaean a gene for membrane synthesis, leading to a bubbling up of membrane within the host cell, something like what happens when modern eukaryotes divide and then reform their nucleus from membrane pieces grown inside them.

None of these models accounts for all the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, says biochemist Ford Doolittle of Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia.

The phylogenetic mosaic of chlamydial genes, including a large number of genes with phylogenetic origins from eukaryotes, implies a complex evolution for adaptation to obligate intracellular parasitism.

Excitingly, these proteins are functionally enriched for membrane bending, vesicular biogenesis, and trafficking activities, suggesting that eukaryotes evolved from an archaeal host that contained some key components that governed the emergence of eukaryotic cellular complexity after endosymbiosis.

Bacteria have been around for something close to 4 billion years and yet have never evolved multicellular complexity that comes anywhere close to what eukaryotes have evolved — nothing like even a sponge, let alone a human being.

They found that the proteins of prokaryotes (the group of organisms that includes bacteria and blue - green algae) tended to have sequences of about 150 amino acids, or a multiple of that number, while the proteins of the eukaryotes (which account for all other organisms) had amino acid sequences in multiples of around 125.

The best guesses for the time when eukaryotes evolved range from just below 2.0 billion years to around 3.5 billion years before the present.

Even more notable, Loki has genes that code for proteins involved in phagocytosis, the process by which one cell can swallow another — and widely believed to be the way eukaryotes acquired mitochondria, a cell's power source.

For instance, Loki has genes that are nearly identical to those used by eukaryotes to build the cellular scaffold known as the cytoskeleton.

Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction and therefore occurs in all eukaryotes (including single - celled organisms) that reproduce sexually.

In particular, one of the enzymes needed for the synthesis of important glycoconjugates had not yet been identified: the apicomplexan organisms do not have the GNA1 enzyme that fulfils this function in animals, plants and other eukaryotes.

This group's achievement shows the possibility to clarify the mechanism of human tumor formation, especially the molecular mechanism responsible for in the initial stage of cell cancerization due to DNA damaged by radiation in the initial stage, by using the model of budding yeast, a primitive eukaryote.

Schleper, Ettema and others are now searching for new varieties of Loki, hoping to find some that are even closer to eukaryotes on the evolutionary tree.

The EBP would focus on the natural world, providing a better understanding of biodiversity by first sequencing in great detail the DNA of a member of each eukaryotic family (about 9000 in all) and eventually generating coarser genomes for the other eukaryotes.

Moreover, certain signature Mimi genes, such as those that code for the production of the soccer - ball shape of its capsid (an outer protein coat common to all viruses), have been conserved in viruses that infect organisms from all three of the domains, particularly in eukaryotes.

Still - unfunded plan would start with all plants, animals, and other eukaryotes — some 1.5 million species — for the cost of the original human genome project

Such an autocatalytic system also provides an entirely novel mechanism for the growth of ring - shaped structures, which differs fundamentally from that used for daughter cell segregation in eukaryotic cell division: In eukaryotes, specific motor proteins which attach to the cell membrane and undergo active contraction are essential for this process, Denk points out.

Or consider the nuclear genes of the cells of advanced organisms (eukaryotes): At some early point in their evolution, these cells gained the help of the genes of a parasite or symbiont that became the mitochondrion, an organelle necessary for energy production.

Mitochondria provide energy for most eukaryotes, but not for a new microbe living in the guts of a chinchilla.

«We're still not very good at predicting genes in eukaryotes,» said Claire Fraser of The Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, Maryland.

His approach to the top of the tree (home to eukaryotes, which wrap their DNA in membrane - bound cell nuclei) would rule biology classrooms for decades.

As this method is efficacious in biological materials for which genetic operation was difficult, it has been used mainly for higher eukaryotes such as animals and plants.

The reason for the disparity may be that the standard computer annotation method was largely developed for the genomes of simple (prokaryotic) organisms, not for the more complex sequences found in the genomes of humans and other eukaryotes.

But intriguingly, the Lokiarchaea appear to have more than 100 genes coding for sophisticated cellular functions such as deforming cell membranes and forming and transporting bubble - like vesicles around the cell — functions that are usually only seen in eukaryotes like us.

Moreover, the ability to easily program sequence - specific DNA targeting and cleavage by CRISPR - Cas components, as demonstrated for Cas9 and Cpf1, allows for the application of CRISPR - Cas components as highly effective tools for genetic engineering and gene regulation in a wide range of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

$ 2,500 «Beyond bacteria» Deeper shotgun metagenome and virome characterization of one sample, plus additional marker gene sequencing (16S rRNA, 18S rRNA and ITS, for you sequencing wonks) to characterize not just the bacteria but also the viruses, microbial eukaryotes (like giardia), and fungi in your gut.

As you know well if you've been following the Addgene blog, it has been repurposed for genome editing in eukaryotes, with the most widely used CRISPR genome editing system derived from Streptococcus Pyogenes (SP).

CaaX processing is a posttranslational modification of the carboxyl - terminus of more than one hundred proteins in eukaryotes that are essential for growth, development and survival.

Evolution of histone 2A for chromatin compaction in eukaryotes.

Such aerobically obtained energy vastly exceeded that of anaerobic respiration, setting the stage for vastly accelerated evolution of eukaryotes.

The prokaryotic cells that were too small to be digested continued to live inside the host eukaryote, eventually becoming dependent on the host cell for organic molecules and inorganic compounds.

Many reports have shown that bacteria can interact with the eukaryote nervous system, either for the benefit of the microbe or the benefit of the host.

Protists — a catch - all word, for the diverse array of single - celled eukaryotes found in virtually all moist environments — have received far less attention, despite being ubiquitous, ecologically important, and also medically significant.

Bacterial Gene Numbers Vary from Approximately 500 to 8000 and Overlap Those of Single - Celled Eukaryotes The bacterial genome projects already provide excellent estimates for the number and types of protein and RNA molecules made by free living prokaryotes (Table 1).

Asgard is a group of microbes, described for the first time in the journal Nature this week, that may well include the organism that gave rise to all complex life — from the tiniest eukaryotes to the tallest redwoods, the dinosaurs and us.

The secretory signal peptide is a ubiquitous protein - sorting signal that targets its passenger protein for translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in eukaryotes and the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes.

Bacteria to eukaryote lateral gene transfers (LGT) are an important potential source of material for the evolution of novel genetic traits.

With the discovery of Asgard» clade archaea, the homologs of key eukaryote cytoskeletal proteins have, for the first time, been identified in archaea.

Previously, InParanoid was based on eukaryotes only, but in the new release a number of prokaryotes are included thanks to the Quest for Orthologs Reference Proteomes.

Paul Jaminet's contribution was pointing out that yeasts are Eukaryotes, and Eukaryotes have mitochondria that can rapidly metabolize ketones for energy.