Russell, W.S., and P.R. Eiseman, 1998: A boundary conforming structured grid
for global ocean circulation studies.
The North Atlantic Ocean is one of the most important drivers
for the global ocean circulation and its variability on time scales beyond inter-annual.
«If these waters no longer sink, it could have far reaching affects
for global ocean circulation patterns.»
The temperature and salinity of seawater are key drivers
for the global ocean circulation system.
Not exact matches
They were Jorge Sarmiento, an oceanographer at Princeton University who constructs
ocean -
circulation models that calculate how much atmospheric carbon dioxide eventually goes into the world's
oceans; Eileen Claussen, executive director of the Pew Center
for Global Climate Change in Washington, D.C.; and David Keith, a physicist with the University of Calgary in Alberta who designs technological solutions to the global warming pr
Global Climate Change in Washington, D.C.; and David Keith, a physicist with the University of Calgary in Alberta who designs technological solutions to the
global warming pr
global warming problem.
Its number - crunching capabilities are used to study ship hydrodynamics and air turbulence, to probe industrial combustion turbines to create cleaner engines, and to understand
global ocean circulation, as well as
for earthquake simulations and aircraft noise - reduction modeling.
For half a century, the Florida State University Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute (GFDI) has been a
global leader in the study of fluid flow and motion — the ways that the
circulation of liquids and gases influence our
oceans, atmosphere and groundwater.
g (acceleration due to gravity) G (gravitational constant) G star G1.9 +0.3 gabbro Gabor, Dennis (1900 — 1979) Gabriel's Horn Gacrux (Gamma Crucis) gadolinium Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich (1934 — 1968) Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center GAIA Gaia Hypothesis galactic anticenter galactic bulge galactic center Galactic Club galactic coordinates galactic disk galactic empire galactic equator galactic habitable zone galactic halo galactic magnetic field galactic noise galactic plane galactic rotation galactose Galatea GALAXIES galaxy galaxy cannibalism galaxy classification galaxy formation galaxy interaction galaxy merger Galaxy, The Galaxy satellite series Gale Crater Galen (c. AD 129 — c. 216) galena GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer) Galilean satellites Galilean telescope Galileo (Galilei, Galileo)(1564 — 1642) Galileo (spacecraft) Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) Galileo satellite navigation system gall gall bladder Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812 — 1910) gallic acid gallium gallon gallstone Galois, Évariste (1811 — 1832) Galois theory Galton, Francis (1822 — 1911) Galvani, Luigi (1737 — 1798) galvanizing galvanometer game game theory GAMES AND PUZZLES gamete gametophyte Gamma (Soviet orbiting telescope) Gamma Cassiopeiae Gamma Cassiopeiae star gamma function gamma globulin gamma rays Gamma Velorum gamma - ray burst gamma - ray satellites Gamow, George (1904 — 1968) ganglion gangrene Ganswindt, Hermann (1856 — 1934) Ganymede «garbage theory», of the origin of life Gardner, Martin (1914 — 2010) Garneau, Marc (1949 ---RRB- garnet Garnet Star (Mu Cephei) Garnet Star Nebula (IC 1396) garnierite Garriott, Owen K. (1930 ---RRB- Garuda gas gas chromatography gas constant gas giant gas laws gas - bounded nebula gaseous nebula gaseous propellant gaseous - propellant rocket engine gasoline Gaspra (minor planet 951) Gassendi, Pierre (1592 — 1655) gastric juice gastrin gastrocnemius gastroenteritis gastrointestinal tract gastropod gastrulation Gatewood, George D. (1940 ---RRB- Gauer - Henry reflex gauge boson gauge theory gauss (unit) Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777 — 1855) Gaussian distribution Gay - Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 — 1850) GCOM (
Global Change Observing Mission) Geber (c. 720 — 815) gegenschein Geiger, Hans Wilhelm (1882 — 1945) Geiger - Müller counter Giessler tube gel gelatin Gelfond's theorem Gell - Mann, Murray (1929 ---RRB- GEM «gemination,» of martian canals Geminga Gemini (constellation) Gemini Observatory Gemini Project Gemini - Titan II gemstone gene gene expression gene mapping gene pool gene therapy gene transfer General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS) general precession general theory of relativity generation ship generator Genesis (inflatable orbiting module) Genesis (sample return probe) genetic code genetic counseling genetic disorder genetic drift genetic engineering genetic marker genetic material genetic pool genetic recombination genetics GENETICS AND HEREDITY Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Program genome genome, interstellar transmission of genotype gentian violet genus geoboard geode geodesic geodesy geodesy satellites geodetic precession Geographos (minor planet 1620) geography GEOGRAPHY Geo - IK geologic time geology GEOLOGY AND PLANETARY SCIENCE geomagnetic field geomagnetic storm geometric mean geometric sequence geometry GEOMETRY geometry puzzles geophysics GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) Geosat geostationary orbit geosynchronous orbit geosynchronous / geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) geosyncline Geotail (satellite) geotropism germ germ cells Germain, Sophie (1776 — 1831) German Rocket Society germanium germination Gesner, Konrad von (1516 — 1565) gestation Get Off the Earth puzzle Gettier problem geyser g - force GFO (Geosat Follow - On) GFZ - 1 (GeoForschungsZentrum) ghost crater Ghost Head Nebula (NGC 2080) ghost image Ghost of Jupiter (NGC 3242) Giacconi, Riccardo (1931 ---RRB- Giacobini - Zinner, Comet (Comet 21P /) Giaever, Ivar (1929 ---RRB- giant branch Giant Magellan Telescope giant molecular cloud giant planet giant star Giant's Causeway Giauque, William Francis (1895 — 1982) gibberellins Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839 — 1903) Gibbs free energy Gibson, Edward G. (1936 ---RRB- Gilbert, William (1544 — 1603) gilbert (unit) Gilbreath's conjecture gilding gill gill (unit) Gilruth, Robert R. (1913 — 2000) gilsonite gimbal Ginga ginkgo Giotto (ESA Halley probe) GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya) girder glacial drift glacial groove glacier gland Glaser, Donald Arthur (1926 — 2013) Glashow, Sheldon (1932 ---RRB- glass GLAST (Gamma - ray Large Area Space Telescope) Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1607 — 1670) glaucoma glauconite Glenn, John Herschel, Jr. (1921 ---RRB- Glenn Research Center Glennan, T (homas) Keith (1905 — 1995) glenoid cavity glia glial cell glider Gliese 229B Gliese 581 Gliese 67 (HD 10307, HIP 7918) Gliese 710 (HD 168442, HIP 89825) Gliese 86 Gliese 876 Gliese Catalogue glioma glissette glitch
Global Astrometric Interferometer
for Astrophysics (GAIA)
Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Globalstar globe Globigerina globular cluster globular proteins globule globulin globus pallidus GLOMR (
Global Low Orbiting Message Relay) GLONASS (
Global Navigation Satellite System) glossopharyngeal nerve Gloster E. 28/39 glottis glow - worm glucagon glucocorticoid glucose glucoside gluon Glushko, Valentin Petrovitch (1908 — 1989) glutamic acid glutamine gluten gluteus maximus glycerol glycine glycogen glycol glycolysis glycoprotein glycosidic bond glycosuria glyoxysome GMS (Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite) GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) Gnathostomata gneiss Go Go, No - go goblet cell GOCE (Gravity field and steady - state
Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (H
Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute
for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (
Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (
ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (H
ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (HH215)
(Top left)
Global annual mean radiative influences (W m — 2) of LGM climate change agents, generally feedbacks in glacial - interglacial cycles, but also specified in most Atmosphere -
Ocean General
Circulation Model (AOGCM) simulations
for the LGM.
Scientists now estimate that the
circulation of seawater through the oceanic crust accounts
for 34 % of the heat input into the
global oceans, about 25 % of the globe's total heat input.
In the paper Gray makes many extravagant claims about how supposed changes in the THC accounted
for various 20th century climate changes («I judge our present
global ocean circulation conditions to be similar to that of the period of the early 1940s when the globe had shown great warming since 1910, and there was concern as to whether this 1910 - 1940
global warming would continue.
Knowledge of dominant scales associated with mesoscale eddies enables a better understanding of the resolution requirements
for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, the framework used
for comparison of
global coupled
ocean - atmosphere general
circulation models.
Climate scientists would say in response that changes in
ocean circulation can't sustain a net change in
global temperature over such a long period (ENSO
for example might raise or lower
global temperature on a timescale of one or two years, but over decades there would be roughly zero net change).
If somehow and I can't possibly imagine how, there was a huge increase in
circulation between the surface and the deeper layers of the
ocean, that would be disastrous
for global temperatures but not upwards but downwards!
The increasing
global temperature,
for instance, is linked to the 15 percent decline in the
circulation of the Atlantic
Ocean, which experts fear could disrupt weather patterns.
The aim of the C - SIDE working group is to reconstruct changes in sea - ice extent in the Southern
Ocean for the past 130,000 years, reconstruct how sea - ice cover responded to global cooling as the Earth entered a glacial cycle, and to better understand how sea - ice cover may have influenced nutrient cycling, ocean productivity, air - sea gas exchange, and circulation dyna
Ocean for the past 130,000 years, reconstruct how sea - ice cover responded to
global cooling as the Earth entered a glacial cycle, and to better understand how sea - ice cover may have influenced nutrient cycling,
ocean productivity, air - sea gas exchange, and circulation dyna
ocean productivity, air - sea gas exchange, and
circulation dynamics.
MOC stands
for Meridional Overturning
Circulation, and although it refers to the same global pattern of ocean currents («conveyor belt») as the thermohaline circulation, this story shows why actually MOC is the more accurate name, as it is not just... Continu
Circulation, and although it refers to the same
global pattern of
ocean currents («conveyor belt») as the thermohaline
circulation, this story shows why actually MOC is the more accurate name, as it is not just... Continu
circulation, this story shows why actually MOC is the more accurate name, as it is not just... Continue reading →
In recent decades, much research on these topics has raised the questions of «tipping points» and «system flips,» where feedbacks in the system compound to rapidly cause massive reorganization of
global climate over very short periods of time — a truncation or reorganization of the thermohaline
circulation or of food web structures,
for instance, caused by the loss of sea ice or warming
ocean temperatures.
And so a strong claim can be made that climate change is now at least partially responsible
for all
global weather although the part played by climate change could be small
for any individual climate event relative to other causes such as normal
ocean circulation patterns.
The Antarctic ice sheet reached the coastline
for the first time at ca. 33.6 Ma and became a driver of Antarctic
circulation, which in turn affected
global climate, causing increased latitudinal thermal gradients and a «spinning up» of the
oceans that resulted in: (1) increased thermohaline
circulation and erosional pulses of Northern Component Water and Antarctic Bottom Water; (2) increased deep - basin ventilation, which caused a decrease in oceanic residence time, a decrease in deep -
ocean acidity, and a deepening of the calcite compensation depth (CCD); and (3) increased diatom diversity due to intensified upwelling.
«The authors write that North Pacific Decadal Variability (NPDV) «is a key component in predictability studies of both regional and
global climate change,»... they emphasize that given the links between both the PDO and the NPGO with
global climate, the accurate characterization and the degree of predictability of these two modes in coupled climate models is an important «open question in climate dynamics» that needs to be addressed... report that model - derived «temporal and spatial statistics of the North Pacific
Ocean modes exhibit significant discrepancies from observations in their twentieth - century climate... conclude that «
for implications on future climate change, the coupled climate models show no consensus on projected future changes in frequency of either the first or second leading pattern of North Pacific SST anomalies,» and they say that «the lack of a consensus in changes in either mode also affects confidence in projected changes in the overlying atmospheric
circulation.»»
In this document, the term climate models is used
for all kinds of models used
for studying the
global climate system, such as Earth - System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs), Atmosphere - Ocean coupled Global Circulation Models (AOGCMs) and Earth System Models (ESMs)(see for the definition of some of these model categories (Meehl and Hibbard 2006; Randall et al.
global climate system, such as Earth - System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs), Atmosphere -
Ocean coupled
Global Circulation Models (AOGCMs) and Earth System Models (ESMs)(see for the definition of some of these model categories (Meehl and Hibbard 2006; Randall et al.
Global Circulation Models (AOGCMs) and Earth System Models (ESMs)(see
for the definition of some of these model categories (Meehl and Hibbard 2006; Randall et al. 2007).
Furthermore, it will fuel future studies that address questions related to specific features of atmospheric -
ocean circulation from subregional to
global scales, and it can be built upon
for use well beyond PAGES 2k.
The study, in addition to being even more terrifying than last summer's draft, may act to motivate increased urgency
for scientific research in Greenland and Antarctica, especially their effects on
ocean circulation — as well as increased attention to the possibility of truly dire near - term
global change.
This trend is expected to continue and has implications
for hydropower production,
ocean circulation patterns, fisheries, and
global sea level rise.
CAS = Commission
for Atmospheric Sciences CMDP = Climate Metrics and Diagnostic Panel CMIP = Coupled Model Intercomparison Project DAOS = Working Group on Data Assimilation and Observing Systems GASS =
Global Atmospheric System Studies panel GEWEX =
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment GLASS =
Global Land - Atmosphere System Studies panel GOV =
Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE)
Ocean View JWGFVR = Joint Working Group on Forecast Verification Research MJO - TF = Madden - Julian Oscillation Task Force PDEF = Working Group on Predictability, Dynamics and Ensemble Forecasting PPP = Polar Prediction Project QPF = Quantitative precipitation forecast S2S = Subseasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project SPARC = Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate TC = Tropical cyclone WCRP = World Climate Research Programme WCRP Grand Science Challenges • Climate Extremes • Clouds,
Circulation and Climate Sensitivity • Melting Ice and
Global Consequences • Regional Sea - Ice Change and Coastal Impacts • Water Availability WCRP JSC = Joint Scientific Committee WGCM = Working Group on Coupled Modelling WGSIP = Working Group on Subseasonal to Interdecadal Prediction WWRP = World Weather Research Programme YOPP = Year of Polar Prediction
The changing temperature and chemistry of the Arctic
Ocean and Bering Sea are likely changing their role in global ocean circulation and as carbon sinks for atmospheric CO2 respectively, although the importance of these changes in the global carbon budget remains unreso
Ocean and Bering Sea are likely changing their role in
global ocean circulation and as carbon sinks for atmospheric CO2 respectively, although the importance of these changes in the global carbon budget remains unreso
ocean circulation and as carbon sinks
for atmospheric CO2 respectively, although the importance of these changes in the
global carbon budget remains unresolved.
The most likely candidate
for that climatic variable force that comes to mind is solar variability (because I can think of no other force that can change or reverse in a different trend often enough, and quick enough to account
for the historical climatic record) and the primary and secondary effects associated with this solar variability which I feel are a significant player in glacial / inter-glacial cycles, counter climatic trends when taken into consideration with these factors which are, land /
ocean arrangements, mean land elevation, mean magnetic field strength of the earth (magnetic excursions), the mean state of the climate (average
global temperature), the initial state of the earth's climate (how close to interglacial - glacial threshold condition it is) the state of random terrestrial (violent volcanic eruption, or a random atmospheric
circulation / oceanic pattern that feeds upon itself possibly) / extra terrestrial events (super-nova in vicinity of earth or a random impact) along with Milankovitch Cycles.
Regional
circulation patterns have significantly changed in recent years.2
For example, changes in the Arctic Oscillation can not be explained by natural variation and it has been suggested that they are broadly consistent with the expected influence of human - induced climate change.3 The signature of
global warming has also been identified in recent changes in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, a pattern of variability in sea surface temperatures in the northern Pacific
Ocean.4
However, it remains a major scientific challenge to model and project the changes of the magnitude and intensity of subsurface oxygen depletion because it depends on changes in
ocean circulation, rates of de-nitrification, and nutrient runoff from land, and because
global data coverage
for chemical and biological parameters remains poor.
Although we focus on a hypothesized CR - cloud connection, we note that it is difficult to separate changes in the CR flux from accompanying variations in solar irradiance and the solar wind,
for which numerous causal links to climate have also been proposed, including: the influence of UV spectral irradiance on stratospheric heating and dynamic stratosphere - troposphere links (Haigh 1996); UV irradiance and radiative damage to phytoplankton influencing the release of volatile precursor compounds which form sulphate aerosols over
ocean environments (Kniveton et al. 2003); an amplification of total solar irradiance (TSI) variations by the addition of energy in cloud - free regions enhancing tropospheric
circulation features (Meehl et al. 2008; Roy & Haigh 2010); numerous solar - related influences (including solar wind inputs) to the properties of the
global electric circuit (GEC) and associated microphysical cloud changes (Tinsley 2008).
Such Arctic changes «could have significant ramifications
for global sea level, the
ocean thermohaline
circulation and heat budget, ecosystems, native communities, natural resource exploration, and commercial transportation.»
Climate scientists would say in response that changes in
ocean circulation can't sustain a net change in
global temperature over such a long period (ENSO
for example might raise or lower
global temperature on a timescale of one or two years, but over decades there would be roughly zero net change).
«That water is going to go into the North Atlantic, and that happens to be the critical spot
for this
global conveyer belt of
ocean circulation,» Shakun says.
Tide gauges have the following disadvantages
for determining
global sea level changes: uneven distribution around the world; missing data; spatial and temporal variations in
ocean circulations; and land movements.
While on first thought this might seem undesirable because we are looking
for a
global number, it might make sense to separate them due to the large difference in land /
ocean ratio and the fact that atmospheric
circulation patterns isolate them WRT shorter term changes.
His current research includes
global ocean modeling and data assimilation efforts as part of Estimating the Circulation & Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) consortium, as well as using ensemble methods for regional ocean analysis and predic
ocean modeling and data assimilation efforts as part of Estimating the
Circulation & Climate of the
Ocean (ECCO) consortium, as well as using ensemble methods for regional ocean analysis and predic
Ocean (ECCO) consortium, as well as using ensemble methods
for regional
ocean analysis and predic
ocean analysis and prediction.
9.3.1
Global Mean Response 9.3.1.1 1 % / yr CO2 increase (CMIP2) experiments 9.3.1.2 Projections of future climate from forcing scenario experiments (IS92a) 9.3.1.3 Marker scenario experiments (SRES) 9.3.2 Patterns of Future Climate Change 9.3.2.1 Summary 9.3.3 Range of Temperature Response to SRES Emission Scenarios 9.3.3.1 Implications
for temperature of stabilisation of greenhouse gases 9.3.4 Factors that Contribute to the Response 9.3.4.1 Climate sensitivity 9.3.4.2 The role of climate sensitivity and
ocean heat uptake 9.3.4.3 Thermohaline
circulation changes 9.3.4.4 Time - scales of response 9.3.5 Changes in Variability 9.3.5.1 Intra-seasonal variability 9.3.5.2 Interannual variability 9.3.5.3 Decadal and longer time - scale variability 9.3.5.4 Summary 9.3.6 Changes of Extreme Events 9.3.6.1 Temperature 9.3.6.2 Precipitation and convection 9.3.6.3 Extra-tropical storms 9.3.6.4 Tropical cyclones 9.3.6.5 Commentary on changes in extremes of weather and climate 9.3.6.6 Conclusions
Here, we present an explanation
for time - invariant land — sea warming ratio that applies if three conditions on radiative forcing are met: first, spatial variations in the climate forcing must be sufficiently small that the lower free troposphere warms evenly over land and
ocean; second, the temperature response must not be large enough to change the
global circulation to zeroth order; third, the temperature response must not be large enough to modify the boundary layer amplification mechanisms that contribute to making φ exceed unity.
For further reading Arctic
Ocean Circulation Primer http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=12317&tid=282&cid=23446 A New Way to Monitor Changes in the Arctic http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=33006 Is
Global Warming Changing the Arctic?
The Atlantic meridional overturning
circulation (AMOC
for short) is an integral part of the
global ocean conveyor belt.
1) Abstract «Such changes could have significant ramifications
for global sea level, the
ocean thermohaline
circulation, native coastal communities, and commercial activities, as well as effects on the
global surface energy and moisture budgets, atmospheric and oceanic
circulations, and geosphere - biosphere feedbacks.
The magnitude of the [geomagnetic - CO2] mechanism is small compared to the magnitude of the preponderant mechanisms driving the exchange of carbon between
ocean and atmosphere, such as water temperature, biological pumping, overturning
circulation... it would be preposterous to make the weakening Earth's magnetic field responsible
for global warming.
The medieval warm period and little ice age (whther they are local or
global phenomena) are believed to be associated with thermohaline
circulations in the atlantic; correct simulation of such long term internal oscillations in an
ocean basin requires long term simulations
for the
ocean for which we don't really have any observational constraints.
In this basin, significant inter-ocean exchange of heat and salinity from the Indian and Pacific
Oceans serve as the main balance
for the
global meridional overturning
circulation (MOC).