Although considerable progress has been made, further improvements to the historical record are still needed, particularly in accounting
for ocean circulation changes.
Not exact matches
«The Atlantic
Ocean surface
circulation, and however that
changes, has implications
for how the rainfall
changes on continents.»
Greatly improved computer models began to suggest how such jumps could happen,
for example through a
change in the
circulation of
ocean currents.
It takes centuries
for that heat to work its way into the deeper
ocean,
changing the
circulation and removing the sea ice, which is a big part of this process,» he said.
They will look
for evidence of temperature
changes caused by
ocean circulation patterns in both the North Atlantic and tropical Pacific
Oceans, which drive precipitation in Tibet as well as the Indian monsoons.
As a result, the frigid flow plays a critical role in regulating
circulation, temperature, and availability of oxygen and nutrients throughout the world's
oceans, and serves as both a barometer
for climate
change and a factor that can contribute to that
change.
They were Jorge Sarmiento, an oceanographer at Princeton University who constructs
ocean -
circulation models that calculate how much atmospheric carbon dioxide eventually goes into the world's
oceans; Eileen Claussen, executive director of the Pew Center
for Global Climate
Change in Washington, D.C.; and David Keith, a physicist with the University of Calgary in Alberta who designs technological solutions to the global warming problem.
g (acceleration due to gravity) G (gravitational constant) G star G1.9 +0.3 gabbro Gabor, Dennis (1900 — 1979) Gabriel's Horn Gacrux (Gamma Crucis) gadolinium Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich (1934 — 1968) Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center GAIA Gaia Hypothesis galactic anticenter galactic bulge galactic center Galactic Club galactic coordinates galactic disk galactic empire galactic equator galactic habitable zone galactic halo galactic magnetic field galactic noise galactic plane galactic rotation galactose Galatea GALAXIES galaxy galaxy cannibalism galaxy classification galaxy formation galaxy interaction galaxy merger Galaxy, The Galaxy satellite series Gale Crater Galen (c. AD 129 — c. 216) galena GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer) Galilean satellites Galilean telescope Galileo (Galilei, Galileo)(1564 — 1642) Galileo (spacecraft) Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) Galileo satellite navigation system gall gall bladder Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812 — 1910) gallic acid gallium gallon gallstone Galois, Évariste (1811 — 1832) Galois theory Galton, Francis (1822 — 1911) Galvani, Luigi (1737 — 1798) galvanizing galvanometer game game theory GAMES AND PUZZLES gamete gametophyte Gamma (Soviet orbiting telescope) Gamma Cassiopeiae Gamma Cassiopeiae star gamma function gamma globulin gamma rays Gamma Velorum gamma - ray burst gamma - ray satellites Gamow, George (1904 — 1968) ganglion gangrene Ganswindt, Hermann (1856 — 1934) Ganymede «garbage theory», of the origin of life Gardner, Martin (1914 — 2010) Garneau, Marc (1949 ---RRB- garnet Garnet Star (Mu Cephei) Garnet Star Nebula (IC 1396) garnierite Garriott, Owen K. (1930 ---RRB- Garuda gas gas chromatography gas constant gas giant gas laws gas - bounded nebula gaseous nebula gaseous propellant gaseous - propellant rocket engine gasoline Gaspra (minor planet 951) Gassendi, Pierre (1592 — 1655) gastric juice gastrin gastrocnemius gastroenteritis gastrointestinal tract gastropod gastrulation Gatewood, George D. (1940 ---RRB- Gauer - Henry reflex gauge boson gauge theory gauss (unit) Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777 — 1855) Gaussian distribution Gay - Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 — 1850) GCOM (Global
Change Observing Mission) Geber (c. 720 — 815) gegenschein Geiger, Hans Wilhelm (1882 — 1945) Geiger - Müller counter Giessler tube gel gelatin Gelfond's theorem Gell - Mann, Murray (1929 ---RRB- GEM «gemination,» of martian canals Geminga Gemini (constellation) Gemini Observatory Gemini Project Gemini - Titan II gemstone gene gene expression gene mapping gene pool gene therapy gene transfer General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS) general precession general theory of relativity generation ship generator Genesis (inflatable orbiting module) Genesis (sample return probe) genetic code genetic counseling genetic disorder genetic drift genetic engineering genetic marker genetic material genetic pool genetic recombination genetics GENETICS AND HEREDITY Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Program genome genome, interstellar transmission of genotype gentian violet genus geoboard geode geodesic geodesy geodesy satellites geodetic precession Geographos (minor planet 1620) geography GEOGRAPHY Geo - IK geologic time geology GEOLOGY AND PLANETARY SCIENCE geomagnetic field geomagnetic storm geometric mean geometric sequence geometry GEOMETRY geometry puzzles geophysics GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) Geosat geostationary orbit geosynchronous orbit geosynchronous / geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) geosyncline Geotail (satellite) geotropism germ germ cells Germain, Sophie (1776 — 1831) German Rocket Society germanium germination Gesner, Konrad von (1516 — 1565) gestation Get Off the Earth puzzle Gettier problem geyser g - force GFO (Geosat Follow - On) GFZ - 1 (GeoForschungsZentrum) ghost crater Ghost Head Nebula (NGC 2080) ghost image Ghost of Jupiter (NGC 3242) Giacconi, Riccardo (1931 ---RRB- Giacobini - Zinner, Comet (Comet 21P /) Giaever, Ivar (1929 ---RRB- giant branch Giant Magellan Telescope giant molecular cloud giant planet giant star Giant's Causeway Giauque, William Francis (1895 — 1982) gibberellins Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839 — 1903) Gibbs free energy Gibson, Edward G. (1936 ---RRB- Gilbert, William (1544 — 1603) gilbert (unit) Gilbreath's conjecture gilding gill gill (unit) Gilruth, Robert R. (1913 — 2000) gilsonite gimbal Ginga ginkgo Giotto (ESA Halley probe) GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya) girder glacial drift glacial groove glacier gland Glaser, Donald Arthur (1926 — 2013) Glashow, Sheldon (1932 ---RRB- glass GLAST (Gamma - ray Large Area Space Telescope) Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1607 — 1670) glaucoma glauconite Glenn, John Herschel, Jr. (1921 ---RRB- Glenn Research Center Glennan, T (homas) Keith (1905 — 1995) glenoid cavity glia glial cell glider Gliese 229B Gliese 581 Gliese 67 (HD 10307, HIP 7918) Gliese 710 (HD 168442, HIP 89825) Gliese 86 Gliese 876 Gliese Catalogue glioma glissette glitch Global Astrometric Interferometer
for Astrophysics (GAIA) Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Globalstar globe Globigerina globular cluster globular proteins globule globulin globus pallidus GLOMR (Global Low Orbiting Message Relay) GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) glossopharyngeal nerve Gloster E. 28/39 glottis glow - worm glucagon glucocorticoid glucose glucoside gluon Glushko, Valentin Petrovitch (1908 — 1989) glutamic acid glutamine gluten gluteus maximus glycerol glycine glycogen glycol glycolysis glycoprotein glycosidic bond glycosuria glyoxysome GMS (Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite) GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) Gnathostomata gneiss Go Go, No - go goblet cell GOCE (Gravity field and steady - state
Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (H
Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute
for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (
ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (H
ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (HH215)
The results, reported in the journal Nature Geoscience, have consequences
for many fields of science, including the study of
ocean circulation and past climate
change.
(Top left) Global annual mean radiative influences (W m — 2) of LGM climate
change agents, generally feedbacks in glacial - interglacial cycles, but also specified in most Atmosphere -
Ocean General
Circulation Model (AOGCM) simulations
for the LGM.
A number of recent studies linking
changes in the North Atlantic
ocean circulation to sea ice extent led Yeager to think that it would also be possible to make decadal predictions
for Arctic winter sea ice cover using the NCAR - based Community Earth System Model...
«
Changes in
ocean circulation have been proposed as a trigger mechanism
for the large coupled climate and carbon cycle perturbations at the Paleocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ca. 55 Ma).
For years, perhaps decades, Gray has been ascribing all sorts of climate
changes and hurricane cycles to fluctuations in the Thermohaline
Circulation (THC), an overturning circulation in the Atlantic ocean associated with formation of deep water in the Nort
Circulation (THC), an overturning
circulation in the Atlantic ocean associated with formation of deep water in the Nort
circulation in the Atlantic
ocean associated with formation of deep water in the North Atlantic.
In the paper Gray makes many extravagant claims about how supposed
changes in the THC accounted
for various 20th century climate
changes («I judge our present global
ocean circulation conditions to be similar to that of the period of the early 1940s when the globe had shown great warming since 1910, and there was concern as to whether this 1910 - 1940 global warming would continue.
The Past and Future
Ocean Circulation from a Contemporary Perspective, in AGU Monograph, 173, A. Schmittner, J. Chiang and S. Hemming, Eds., 53 - 74, (pdf)» Wunsch's publications page is great food -
for - thought, I particularly enjoyed his papers on Ice Age
changes and the Milankovitch cycles.
The Met Office Hadley Centre (Hadley Centre
for Climate Prediction and Research) climate
change model, Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3)[53], a coupled atmosphere -
ocean general
circulation model, was used
for the time intervals 2020, 2050 and 2080 (note these date represent a time windows of ten years either side of the time interval date, i.e. 2020 is an average of the years 2010 — 2029, 2050
for 2040 — 2059 and 2080
for 2070 — 2089), under three emission scenarios of the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)[54]: scenario A1B (maximum energy requirements; emissions differentiated dependent on fuel sources; balance across sources), A2A (high energy requirements; emissions less than A1 / Fl) and B2A (lower energy requirements; emissions greater than B1).
Climate scientists would say in response that
changes in
ocean circulation can't sustain a net
change in global temperature over such a long period (ENSO
for example might raise or lower global temperature on a timescale of one or two years, but over decades there would be roughly zero net
change).
This could be do to
changes in
ocean circulation, and warming waters reaching the grounding lines
for ice shelves in Arctic and Antarctica, leading to non-linear increase in melting and sea level rise, impossible to avoid on our current path.
This correction
changes the overall salt budget
for the Atlantic, also
changing the stability of the model's
ocean circulation in future climate
change.
Recent studies have therefore preferred mechanismsthat require a climatological trigger
for carbon injection,
for example through enhance - 5 ment of seasonal extremes that caused
changes in
ocean circulation, which in turncould dissociate submarine methane hydrates (Lunt et al., 2011).
So the [theoretical] errors in the measurements are of the same order of magnitude as the
changes being reported [at least
for ocean circulation].
A recent paper by Vecchi and Soden (preprint) published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters has been widely touted in the news (and some egregiously bad editorials), and the blogosphere as suggesting that increased vertical wind shear associated with tropical
circulation changes may offset any tendencies
for increased hurricane activity in the tropical Atlantic due to warming
oceans.
Alley is talking mainly about D / O events and, like some others (Broecker
for instance) tried to link it to the LIA, but neither the pattern of
change, the abruptness, the
ocean circulation change nor the magnitude actually match.
The paleoclimate record (8.2 kyr, and earlier «large lake collapses») shows a dramatic drop in surface temperatures
for a substantial period of time when the
ocean circulation shuts off or
changes, but is that actually what would be expected under these warming conditions?
Partly this has to do with
changes in
ocean circulation taking warmer water deeper and partly as the result of the southern hemisphere having less land mass and more
ocean — where the
ocean has a higher thermal inertia, meaning that it takes longer
for those waters to warm.
There is a potential
for both positive and negative feedbacks between the
ocean and atmosphere, including
changes in both the physics (e.g.,
circulation, stratification) and biology (e.g., export production, calcification) of the
ocean.
For weather predictions, accuracy disappears within a few weeks — but for ocean forecasts, accuracy seems to have decadal scale accuracy — and when you go to climate forcing effects, the timescale moves toward centuries, with the big uncertainties being ice sheet dynamics, changes in ocean circulation and the biosphere respon
For weather predictions, accuracy disappears within a few weeks — but
for ocean forecasts, accuracy seems to have decadal scale accuracy — and when you go to climate forcing effects, the timescale moves toward centuries, with the big uncertainties being ice sheet dynamics, changes in ocean circulation and the biosphere respon
for ocean forecasts, accuracy seems to have decadal scale accuracy — and when you go to climate forcing effects, the timescale moves toward centuries, with the big uncertainties being ice sheet dynamics,
changes in
ocean circulation and the biosphere response.
One needs to contrast the long - term weakening of the Walker
circulation (which is robust) with the
change in the models» El Nià ± o (which is not robust — there's a series of papers describing this
for the current IPCC models: e.g. van Oldenborgh et al 2005
Ocean Sci., Merryfield 2005 J. Clim., Capotondi et al 2005 J. Clim., Guilyard 2005 Clim.
There are continuing major questions about the future of the great ice sheets of Greenland and West Antarctica; the thawing of vast deposits of frozen methane;
changes in the
circulation patterns of the North Atlantic; the potential
for runaway warming; and the impacts of
ocean carbonization and acidification.
1) It seems to me that the key mechanism
for any impact must be the
changes that increased arctic
ocean temperatures will impose on the atmospheric
circulation feature known as the Polar Cell, and via this on the Ferrel cell which sits over the mid latitudes.
I clearly see that the
change in surface temperature and TOA radiative forcing simulated by the model depends upon the model complexity,
for example, how the
ocean circulations are represented.
The improved computer models also began to suggest how such jumps could happen,
for example through a
change in the
circulation of
ocean currents.
«Future
Changes in Climate,
Ocean Circulation, Ecosystems, and Biogeochemical Cycling Simulated
for a Business - as - Usual CO2 Emission Scenario until Year 4000 AD.»
Everything else that might try to alter that base level simply results in atmospheric
circulation changes (atmosphere includes
oceans for this purpose) that adjust the rate of conversion between kinetic and potential energy so as to keep the base level of system energy content stable.
To investigate the effects of CO2 emissions on
ocean pH, we forced the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
ocean general -
circulation model (Fig. 1a) with the pressure of atmospheric CO2 (pCO2) observed from 1975 to 2000, and with CO2 emissions from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change's IS92a scenario1
for 2000 — 2100.
A Google search
for the passage «explore
changes in
ocean circulation caused by the growth of extensive fast ice» in November yields zero results:
Whether
ocean circulation models... neither explicitly accounting
for the energy input into the system nor providing
for spatial variability in the mixing, have any physical relevance under
changed climate conditions is at issue.»
Yet, we explained there is also reasonable basis
for concern that a warming world may at least temporarily increase tornado damage including the fact that
oceans are now warmer, and regional
ocean circulation cycles such as La Nina / El Nino patterns in the Pacific which affect upper atmospheric conditions appear to becoming more chaotic under the influence of climate
change.
The aim of the C - SIDE working group is to reconstruct
changes in sea - ice extent in the Southern
Ocean for the past 130,000 years, reconstruct how sea - ice cover responded to global cooling as the Earth entered a glacial cycle, and to better understand how sea - ice cover may have influenced nutrient cycling, ocean productivity, air - sea gas exchange, and circulation dyna
Ocean for the past 130,000 years, reconstruct how sea - ice cover responded to global cooling as the Earth entered a glacial cycle, and to better understand how sea - ice cover may have influenced nutrient cycling,
ocean productivity, air - sea gas exchange, and circulation dyna
ocean productivity, air - sea gas exchange, and
circulation dynamics.
The MRE can be used as a proxy
for its controlling factors so scientists can measure the MRE magnitude to understand such phenomena and disentangle processes of
ocean circulation and its spatiotemporal
changes,
for example.
The surface of the
oceans are always warmer than the depths of the
oceans > If you
change the mixing efficiency, by shifting atmospheric
circulations with solar precessional cycle
for example, the mixing efficiency
changes and the regions where precipitation falls
changes.
Monitoring
ocean salinity is essential
for understanding its impact on
ocean circulation, Earth's water cycle, marine ecology, and climate
change.
The cryosphere derives its importance to the climate system from a variety of effects, including its high reflectivity (albedo)
for solar radiation, its low thermal conductivity, its large thermal inertia, its potential
for affecting
ocean circulation (through exchange of freshwater and heat) and atmospheric
circulation (through topographic
changes), its large potential
for affecting sea level (through growth and melt of land ice), and its potential
for affecting greenhouse gases (through
changes in permafrost)(Chapter 4).
And so a strong claim can be made that climate
change is now at least partially responsible
for all global weather although the part played by climate
change could be small
for any individual climate event relative to other causes such as normal
ocean circulation patterns.
The report finds no proof to back up IPCC hysteria that blames CO2
for melting polar ice caps, rising sea levels, disastrous
changes in
ocean circulation, or calamitous differences in precipitation patterns and river flows.
Importantly, the
changes in cereal yield projected
for the 2020s and 2080s are driven by GHG - induced climate
change and likely do not fully capture interannual precipitation variability which can result in large yield reductions during dry periods, as the IPCC (Christensen et al., 2007) states: ``... there is less confidence in the ability of the AOGCMs (atmosphere -
ocean general
circulation models) to generate interannual variability in the SSTs (sea surface temperatures) of the type known to affect African rainfall, as evidenced by the fact that very few AOGCMs produce droughts comparable in magnitude to the Sahel droughts of the 1970s and 1980s.»
«The authors write that North Pacific Decadal Variability (NPDV) «is a key component in predictability studies of both regional and global climate
change,»... they emphasize that given the links between both the PDO and the NPGO with global climate, the accurate characterization and the degree of predictability of these two modes in coupled climate models is an important «open question in climate dynamics» that needs to be addressed... report that model - derived «temporal and spatial statistics of the North Pacific
Ocean modes exhibit significant discrepancies from observations in their twentieth - century climate... conclude that «
for implications on future climate
change, the coupled climate models show no consensus on projected future
changes in frequency of either the first or second leading pattern of North Pacific SST anomalies,» and they say that «the lack of a consensus in
changes in either mode also affects confidence in projected
changes in the overlying atmospheric
circulation.»»
«The situation is important
for us, as the reduced temperature gradient between the equator and the North Pole is
changing the
circulation patterns and behaviours of the atmosphere and
oceans, contributing to our direct experience of climate disruption.»
The advantage of recognising a reversed sign
for the solar effect high up in the atmosphere is that it enables a scenario whereby the bottom up effects of
ocean cycles and the top down effects of solar variability can be seen to be engaged in a complex ever
changing dance with the primary climate response being
changes in the tropospheric air
circulation systems to give us the observed natural climate variability via cyclical latitudinal shifts in all the air
circulation systems and notably the jet streams.
«Our study supports the view that
changes in
ocean circulation were at least in part responsible
for causing abrupt climate
changes.