Under 2 separate regression models (1
for pubertal status and 1 for age), each variable's partial sums of squares and associated probability were used to examine these effects in the 2 sexes together (Table 1).
The results
for pubertal status and age are strikingly similar, indicating that after controlling for the effect of all the other variables in the regression model, the impact of life events on depression is significantly greater in the pubertal girls (sex × pubertal status [age] × life events interaction).
There were no other areas that showed a main effect
for pubertal status.
Results showed that the participants who had used ICT on an average three hours the preceding day showed a significantly reduced cortisol increase one hour after awakening (awakening response) com - pared to those who had used ICT not at all or less than one hour after controlling
for pubertal status and the level of depression.
Not exact matches
For analyses of white matter volume, children's age and
pubertal status were also included as covariates.
The use of classical methods
for assessing
pubertal status may not be feasible in some studies, especially in male adolescents.
To examine whether the relationship between
pubertal status and neural response to social evaluation differed
for healthy youth and controls, similar whole brain regression analyses were conducted to identify areas showing group ×
pubertal status interaction effects.
A whole - brain regression using AFNI's 3dRegana was conducted to identify areas showing a main effect of
pubertal status on response to rejection and / or acceptance controlling
for the effects of chronological age.
Finally, we explored whether the association between
pubertal status and neural response to peer rejection and acceptance would differ
for depressed youth and healthy controls.
For girls alone, pubertal status predicts body satisfaction and the wish for bodily chang
For girls alone,
pubertal status predicts body satisfaction and the wish
for bodily chang
for bodily changes.
Pubertal status was measured to control
for its potential effects on diabetes - related conflict and adherence to treatment.
Although there is no one established formula
for determining a child's insulin requirement, insulin requirements are usually based on body weight, age, and
pubertal status.
Some support has been found
for an association between hormonal concentrations and negative affect20 - 24; however, social factors, including negative life events and their interaction with
pubertal status (but not hormonal
status), account
for more of the variance in negative affect than biological factors alone.25 Early
pubertal timing and its social implications have also been postulated as an important risk factor in girls.26 - 31 Two recent studies, however, report that
pubertal status has a greater influence in predicting female depression than age32, 33 or the timing of puberty.32
Thus, we controlled
for three level 1 variables (age,
pubertal status, and treatment delivery method), two level 2 variables (baseline social
status and baseline BMI), and the interaction between age and BMI in cross-sectional multilevel models.