Sentences with phrase «for selection bias in»

The results in Table 10 support the notion that the observational study design does a good job of controlling for selection bias in the evaluation of charter effects (or that there is not much selection bias in the first place).

Importantly, our null effect estimates from the random experiment differ substantially from those found from an analysis of CPS data, raising concerns about the potential for selection bias in non-experimental estimates of returns.

Not exact matches

The strengths of the study include the ability to compare outcomes by the woman's planned place of birth at the start of care in labour, the high participation of midwifery units and trusts in England, the large sample size and statistical power to detect clinically important differences in adverse perinatal outcomes, the minimisation of selection bias through achievement of a high response rate and absence of self selection bias due to non-consent, the ability to compare groups that were similar in terms of identified clinical risk (according to current clinical guidelines) and to further increase the comparability of the groups by conducting an additional analysis restricted to women with no complicating conditions identified at the start of care in labour, and the ability to control for several important potential confounders.

A randomised controlled trial would be the best way to tackle selection bias of mothers who plan a home birth, but a randomised controlled trial in North America is unfeasible given that even in Britain, where home birth has been an incorporated part of the healthcare system for some time, and where cooperation is more feasible, a pilot study failed.31 Prospective cohort studies remain the most comprehensive instruments available.

Other strengths of the underpinning cohort study include high participation by midwifery units and trusts in England; the minimisation of selection bias through achievement of a high response rate and absence of self selection bias because of non-consent; and the ability to compare groups that were similar in terms of identified clinical risk.12 The economic evaluation was conducted according to nationally agreed design and reporting guidelines.15 26 Collection of primary unit cost data was thorough and accounted for regional differences in care patterns.

Previous studies of the effect of breastfeeding on morbidity among full - term infants have not always accounted for selection bias that may result if infants who are breastfed are inherently healthier than bottle - fed infants.22 In the current study, the VLBW infants» ability to breastfeed did not reflect better health status as both human milk and infant formula were provided via gavage feeding especially during early enteral feedings.

Except for male sex, which was not a risk factor in study participants, the ORs obtained from participants were similar to those obtained from all eligible cases and controls, providing no evidence of a noticeable selection bias.

Although we could not find estimates of fan use in the US population, we examined the potential selection bias by evaluating characteristics associated with SIDS risks in study participants and nonparticipants in a previously published article.16 Using California birth certificate data, we compared the ORs for maternal age, maternal education, parity, birth weight, infant sex, and late initiation of prenatal care (> 5 months» gestation).

The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort Study has been previously shown to represent the general Western Australian population.16 Mothers were enrolled in the study in mid-pregnancy (before any fetal outcomes were known), leaving little scope for selection bias.

That liberals are just as guilty of antiscience bias comports more with accounts of humans chomping canines, and yet those on the left are just as skeptical of well - established science when findings clash with their political ideologies, such as with GMOs, nuclear power, genetic engineering and evolutionary psychology — skepticism of the last I call «cognitive creationism» for its endorsement of a blank - slate model of the mind in which natural selection operated on humans only from the neck down.

The authors point out that the literature has a number of methodological limitations, such as measurement and selection bias, and a restricted focus, in which the effects of a limited number of alcohol policies are considered without accounting for other alcohol policies.

In some cases, such as in the selection of participants for studies on suicide, the bias in the original studies may have underestimated the association between access to firearms and suicide, because both study and comparison groups were recruited from health care settings where they may have been seeking treatment for suicidal planninIn some cases, such as in the selection of participants for studies on suicide, the bias in the original studies may have underestimated the association between access to firearms and suicide, because both study and comparison groups were recruited from health care settings where they may have been seeking treatment for suicidal planninin the selection of participants for studies on suicide, the bias in the original studies may have underestimated the association between access to firearms and suicide, because both study and comparison groups were recruited from health care settings where they may have been seeking treatment for suicidal planninin the original studies may have underestimated the association between access to firearms and suicide, because both study and comparison groups were recruited from health care settings where they may have been seeking treatment for suicidal planning.

It seems the original author — someone King describes as highly cited — had mentioned in his methods section that he'd applied two statistical corrections to his data to account for a selection bias.

The conclusion: Even when selection bias is corrected for, college still makes economic sense, and the benefits are larger in some areas of study than in others.

Researchers explained that this difference may be due, in part, to a selection bias where healthier patients were treated with surgery, and they underscored the need for a controlled clinical trial with matched patients receiving each treatment first - line to compare the efficacy of these therapies.

In order to avoid a potential bias caused by selection of a particular referent subject, subject - specific SI maps from all the subjects are summarized as a weighted average, with the Jaccard index for each subject as the weight.

We examined whether larger networks are more effective than smaller ones and found that, both with and without correcting for student and peer socioeconomic characteristics and selection bias, students at schools that are part of networks of three or more schools consistently outperform students at schools in networks of only two schools.

In suburban San Antonio, the schools are too new to evaluate by academic achievement, and self - selection bias will make it hard to do so: schools that are designed to appeal to students and parents looking for faster - paced academics would be expected to appear at the top of state school rankings.

Then the internet came along, and I realized I could build a school online and let selection bias draw the students I could best serve: those who thirst for a greater challenge than they're finding in their classrooms.

In contrast, ESSA defines four levels of «evidence - based» practices: «strong,» with at least one well - designed and well - implemented experimental study with a statistically significant, positive effect; «moderate,» with at least one well - designed and well - implemented quasi-experimental study such as a matched - comparison group; «promising,» with at least one well - designed and well - implemented correlational study with statistical controls for selection bias.

Also, because the assignment to the FTC is not random, the more positive effects they see for students participating for more years may, as they acknowledge, reflect selection bias; that is, any student who stays in the same school for more years is likely to have better outcomes.

In order to circumvent the issue of selection bias in the case of mandatory retention policies like the one proposed for Michigan, recent studies have utilized a statistical approach that compares children who fall just above and just below the cutoff used to determine retentioIn order to circumvent the issue of selection bias in the case of mandatory retention policies like the one proposed for Michigan, recent studies have utilized a statistical approach that compares children who fall just above and just below the cutoff used to determine retentioin the case of mandatory retention policies like the one proposed for Michigan, recent studies have utilized a statistical approach that compares children who fall just above and just below the cutoff used to determine retention.

In this analysis, I attempt to control for a variety of potential selection biases.

[4] Sometimes called selection bias, the problem is that student needs and parental resources are never directly accounted for in value - added measures, even though they might affect student learning and therefore reduce validity of teacher value - added estimates.

Using an instrumental variables approach to control for selection bias, the results suggest an increase in collegiate class size leads to an increase in dropout rates and a reduction in on - time degree completion, but no change in long - run degree completion.

Second, beyond selection bias, we don't know if there are other factors that affect achievement that we are not accounting for that are systematically different between students in choice schools and students in traditional public schools.

Most crucially in terms of scientific validity, it examines two groups of students who are demographically identical except for the random selection of a lottery process, eliminating the selection bias.

Most crucially, and most ludicrously, WILL's study doesn't account for selection bias — differences between students whose parents and guardians decide to enroll them in voucher schools or charter schools and those who do not.

To account for the issue of selection bias and the potentially unobserved parent characteristics as the possible reason choice students appear to perform better in my first comparison, I next also accounted for the parent - related variables.

In view of the compelling US and global evidence that both sensible and nonsensical strategies outperform for the same reasons (value and small - cap biases), the authors conclude that potential investors would do well to base strategy selections largely on a comparison of explicit and implicit implementation costs due to portfolio turnover.

This difference is likely attributable to a selection of bias in terms of which animals are listed on Petfinder, and the fact that certain animals are removed from the website by shelters for reasons that are often unknown to Petfinder (perhaps because they were euthanized).

The Irascibles (irascible meaning to be easily angered) was a group of American abstract artists that protested against the conservative bias in the selections for a national contemporary art competition held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

The open letter, signed by a few of the participants at the Artists» Session, and protesting the Metropolitan Museum of Art for its anti-abstract bias in the selection of painters for the exhibit American Painting Today 1950 is published in The New York Times.

The two easiest ways for bias to occur in any study is via the method selection and the data selection

The weighting scheme used to rate stations for the initial selection in the GSN clearly indicates the biases climatologists have in favor of stations that have been in operation for a long time, that are rural, are agricultural research sites, and are distributed throughout the world with increasing density the farther they are away from the tropics.

Like all omitted variables, it biases estimated parameters for included variables if the selection criterion is correlated with variables included in the analysis.

The RANGE of these is quite large, permitting one to select particular traces or particular model averages for inclusion if one wishes, unless rigorous steps are taken to ensure that the individual model results were «randomly» selected (selected without human bias, which basically means without human action beyond starting a selection algorithm with a random number generator in it).

Only those who are young and naive have any excuse for not knowing that there is rampant positive results and more importantly selection bias in most of science.

However, when it comes to any kind of selection at key points in careers, which could be recruitment, promotion, being put forward for a stretch project, even giving feedback, an unconscious bias can influence the shape of someone's career and the opportunities they have.

Also, we used objective approaches to quantify neighbourhood attributes that allowed us to partially control for potential reverse causality due to depressed individuals tending to exhibit negative cognitive bias resulting in negative thoughts and perceptions.65 Residential self - selection bias is likely to be a trivial source of reverse causality in this study because Hong Kong's high levels of population density (6760 people / km2) and low percentage of developed land (less than 25 %) 66 limit most residents» choice of accommodation and 37 % of Hong Kong older adults live in public rental housing.67 Given the satisfactory response rate and the level of similarity in depressive symptoms and sociodemographic characteristics of participants recruited from two types of recruitment centres, the findings from this study are likely to be generalisable to the population of Chinese Hong Kong older adults matching the study eligibility criteria and other populations of older adults living in similar ultra-dense metropolises of Southeast Asia.

Rapid changes in the characteristics of parents over time also could result in different selection biases in terms of which parents (both mothers and fathers) have children when married or when unmarried (for example, as the pool of parents having mediators), instability appears to be most important (with the worst outcomes found for children of unstable single or unstable cohabiting mothers).

Although this study has some shortcomings such as small sample size, potential selection bias, and less than ideal controls (eg, treatment group was seen for a longer period than control group), the results are promising and consistent with data from previous studies in non-medical patients with depression.

Included non-RCTs will be assessed for selection bias that may have resulted in confounding of the outcome of interest using the Newcastle - Ottawa Scale, 38 and where possible statistical methods will adjust for such confounding.

The quasi-experimental design reduces spillover effects but does not eliminate the possibility of selection bias.41, 42 The use of prospectively identified control subjects was intended to minimize discrepancies in outcomes between the 2 designs.43 For some outcomes, as noted previously, the magnitude and direction of outcomes for intervention and control families at randomization and quasi-experimental sites were comparable, although they were statistically significant only at quasi-experimental sites and in the larger pooled sampFor some outcomes, as noted previously, the magnitude and direction of outcomes for intervention and control families at randomization and quasi-experimental sites were comparable, although they were statistically significant only at quasi-experimental sites and in the larger pooled sampfor intervention and control families at randomization and quasi-experimental sites were comparable, although they were statistically significant only at quasi-experimental sites and in the larger pooled sample.

The quasi-experimental design reduces spillover effects and makes it easier to implement the program, but does not eliminate the possibility of selection bias.35, 36 The use of prospectively defined controls at quasi-experimental sites likely contributed to minimized discrepancies in outcomes between randomization and quasi-experimental groups.37 For several parenting outcomes, such as discipline practices, findings were of similar magnitude and direction at randomization and quasi-experimental sites, but statistically significant at only quasi-experimental sites, where the sample size was larger; they were significant in the pooled sample, as well.

Selection bias is also a potential problem for most studies of child care as it may confound variations in child and family characteristics with variations in child care contexts.

In partnership with researchers from related projects in Canada, the UK, South Australia, the Northern Territory and Western Australia, Aboriginal organisations and policymakers, we will analyse whole - of - population data for New South Wales (NSW) to investigate the determinants of positive early childhood development in Aboriginal children, and assess the impacts of two «real - world» programmes that were implemented under circumstances where evidence of their efficacy was unable to be derived from RCTs: the NSW Aboriginal and Maternal Infant Health Service (AMIHS) 45 and the NSW Department of Family and Community Services (FACS) Brighter Futures Program.46 Early evaluations of these programmes suggested some positive changes in proximal outcomes related to their objectives.45, 47, 48 However, each of these evaluations was limited by one or more of the following: use of single data sets, less than 2 years of outcome data and / or issues of confounding and selection biaIn partnership with researchers from related projects in Canada, the UK, South Australia, the Northern Territory and Western Australia, Aboriginal organisations and policymakers, we will analyse whole - of - population data for New South Wales (NSW) to investigate the determinants of positive early childhood development in Aboriginal children, and assess the impacts of two «real - world» programmes that were implemented under circumstances where evidence of their efficacy was unable to be derived from RCTs: the NSW Aboriginal and Maternal Infant Health Service (AMIHS) 45 and the NSW Department of Family and Community Services (FACS) Brighter Futures Program.46 Early evaluations of these programmes suggested some positive changes in proximal outcomes related to their objectives.45, 47, 48 However, each of these evaluations was limited by one or more of the following: use of single data sets, less than 2 years of outcome data and / or issues of confounding and selection biain Canada, the UK, South Australia, the Northern Territory and Western Australia, Aboriginal organisations and policymakers, we will analyse whole - of - population data for New South Wales (NSW) to investigate the determinants of positive early childhood development in Aboriginal children, and assess the impacts of two «real - world» programmes that were implemented under circumstances where evidence of their efficacy was unable to be derived from RCTs: the NSW Aboriginal and Maternal Infant Health Service (AMIHS) 45 and the NSW Department of Family and Community Services (FACS) Brighter Futures Program.46 Early evaluations of these programmes suggested some positive changes in proximal outcomes related to their objectives.45, 47, 48 However, each of these evaluations was limited by one or more of the following: use of single data sets, less than 2 years of outcome data and / or issues of confounding and selection biain Aboriginal children, and assess the impacts of two «real - world» programmes that were implemented under circumstances where evidence of their efficacy was unable to be derived from RCTs: the NSW Aboriginal and Maternal Infant Health Service (AMIHS) 45 and the NSW Department of Family and Community Services (FACS) Brighter Futures Program.46 Early evaluations of these programmes suggested some positive changes in proximal outcomes related to their objectives.45, 47, 48 However, each of these evaluations was limited by one or more of the following: use of single data sets, less than 2 years of outcome data and / or issues of confounding and selection biain proximal outcomes related to their objectives.45, 47, 48 However, each of these evaluations was limited by one or more of the following: use of single data sets, less than 2 years of outcome data and / or issues of confounding and selection bias.

This study aims: (a) to examine whether poverty predicts changes in behavior problems between 1.5 and 8 years of age; (b) to estimate potential selection bias for the observed associations.

A randomized controlled trial comparing I - PCIT to both a control group and standard PCIT would provide further confidence in these findings and would be important to address a potential self - selection bias for parents choosing an intensive treatment.

However this study was rated as weak in quality with a cross-sectional design, possible selection bias with recruitment relying on response to advert and lack of control for confounders.