Since taste is probably the ultimate catalyst for a coffee purchase, diluting the «shade coffee» market with potentially lower quality beans not actually grown under shade may potentially lower market demand
for shade coffee.
Revised Code of Conduct weakens encouragement
for shade coffee, emphasizing that this is not an «eco-certification.»
Coffee, especially shade coffee, is a global crop that has a relatively lower impact on greenhouse gas emissions and a more positive impact on carbon sequestration than many other crops.There is potential
for shade coffee farms to contribute to the mitigation of climate change and generate income for farmers at the same time; I have a previous post that outlines the basics.
Not exact matches
Equal Exchange pays a 15cents per pound premium
for certified organic and
shade - grown
coffee, offering anincentive to farm sustainably.
Hence: barely sweetened iced tea and totally biodegradable tea bags (Honest Tea Inc.); garden, home, and pet products made from recycled or organic materials (WorldWise Inc.); organic,
shade - grown
coffee with a guaranteed base price
for growers (Sustainable Harvest Inc.); Web development using urban workers (CitySoft Inc.); nonsexist, nonviolent toys (Wild Planet Toys Inc.); revitalized communities and neighborhoods (Village Real Estate Services); and recycled paper products (New Leaf Paper LLC).
In addition to organic, you'd ideally look
for coffee that's mycotoxin free (a toxin produced by mold) and / or
shade grown (meaning they need less chemicals to grow the
coffee).
Here's the thing: This latest version contains no mandatory criteria
for shade cover
for shade - tolerant crops such as
coffee.
These
shade coffee farms provide critical refuge
for birds and wildlife in El Salvador.
When
coffee ceases to be profitable, the
coffee fields — which
for a large number of small holders are a mix of
coffee, food and timber trees, and native
shade trees — are cleared.
While much of Mexico's organic
coffee is grown in rustic
shade or traditional polyculture, Peru grows a lot of its organic
coffee in commercial polyculture or
shade monoculture (definitions here), a less - desirable situation
for biodiversity.
For example, migratory birds often use
shade coffee farms as a corridor when moving between temperate and tropical regions (e.g., Greenberg et al. 1997).
Shalene Jha, Christopher M. Bacon, Stacy M. Philpott, V. Ernesto Méndez, Peter Läderach, Robert A. Rice;
Shade Coffee: Update on a Disappearing Refuge
for Biodiversity, BioScience, Volume 64, Issue 5, 1 May 2014, Pages 416 — 428, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu038
Unlike sun
coffee systems, which do not provide pollinators with resources throughout the year (Jha and Vandermeer 2010) and are less permeable to dispersing organisms (e.g., Muriel and Kattan 2009),
shade coffee farms can promote pollinator populations and serve as corridors
for organisms moving regionally between forest fragments.
In the last two decades, the value of
shade - grown (or simply
shade)
coffee farms
for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision has gained widespread attention from the public and scientific communities (Perfecto et al. 1996, Tscharntke et al. 2011, Jha et al. 2012, De Beenhouwer et al. 2013).
From whole grain flours and
shade - grown
coffee to organic milk and frozen veggies, 365 Everyday Value makes it easy to stock up on the best products
for the best price.
For example, 81 % of the
coffee in Nicaragua and El Salvador grew under a
shade canopy in 1996, and although recent surveys document declines in
shade tree diversity since then, these declines mostly occurred on larger farms; in contrast, many smallholder cooperatives preserve high levels of biodiversity, including more than 100 species of
shade trees on fewer than 30 farms (Méndez et al. 2010a).
Meanwhile, look
for Colombia's Mesa de los Santos
coffee, which is certified organic and
shade grown (by both Smithsonian and Rainforest Alliance).
Sumatran
coffee farms use very few species of
shade trees, including the non-native Gliricidia sepium, which may not provide proper resources
for native fauna.
Last year in my post The (de) evolution of Rainforest Alliance
shade criteria, I outlined the incremental relaxation of the criteria
for shade over agroforestry crops — what the public understands to signify «
shade - grown
coffee.»
Added benefit: the
shade requirements
for Rainforest Alliance Certified
coffee and cocoa farms also happen to produce better tasting beans (who says you can't be both virtuous and indulgent?).
For the canopy layer of hardwood, many
coffee farmers are now planting a fast - growing, sparse
shade timber species from Australia, Grevillea robusta, often called silver oak although not related to North American oak species.
Family owned since its founding, the farm is known
for the quality of the high - altitude,
shade - grown Arabica
Coffee it produces.
Unfortunately, so are some
coffees that are grown under conditions that might not be best
for biodiversity, such as
shaded monoculture, or conceivably even in full sun, if a retailer or distributor were particularly, um, «shady.»
Forty species of
shade trees (including 50,000 planted by the estate) cool the ground and allow
for slow ripening of the
coffee cherries which increases sweetness.
(I use these terms all the time myself; I define
shade according to this
shade management diagram, and the definition I use
for «sustainable
coffee» is in a box on the User Guide page.)
Although
shade coffee farms can provide habitat
for some species, they do not possess the complete suite of species or ecosystem functions as the original habitat.
I'm sure the Brazilian
coffee isn't
shaded, since cerrado is savannah, not forest, and RA standards call
for «Farms in areas where the original natural vegetation is not forest must dedicate at least 30 % of the farm area
for conservation or recovery of the area's typical ecosystems.»
She then started «growing fertilizer» by planting avocado trees that provide
shade for delicate
coffee bushes, organic nutrients
for the soil (the fallen leaves that now carpet much of the farm), and extra income
for the family when the fruits are in season.
Goals included reforestation and creation of forest corridors to improve habitat, especially
for migratory birds, and working with
coffee farmers to re-establish
shade trees and convert to organic production.
There are now around 50 species of trees providing multi-layer
shade for the
coffee.
I was unable to determine a precise source
for this
coffee, although the importer notes the varieties are bourbon, typica (both those require some
shade), cataui, and caturra (both of those used in CR
for sun
coffee).
The SAN promotes agroforestry and
shade - canopy coverage
for shade - tolerant crops (particularly
coffee and cocoa) as a way to conserve biodiversity while helping farmers produce a high - quality crop.
For the most concise before - and - after comparison of the changes in the shade requirements for Rainforest Alliance certification, I provide below the criteria for coffee from the 2005 SAN standa
For the most concise before - and - after comparison of the changes in the
shade requirements
for Rainforest Alliance certification, I provide below the criteria for coffee from the 2005 SAN standa
for Rainforest Alliance certification, I provide below the criteria
for coffee from the 2005 SAN standa
for coffee from the 2005 SAN standard.
The Rainforest Alliance has a certification program
for coffee that has an array of environmental standards, although
shade cultivation is not a requirement.
Regarding
coffee certifications, Coffee & Conservation has been primarily concerned with criteria defining «shade» because those are the guidelines for canopy cover, vegetation structure, and tree species that promote biodiversity - friendly condi
coffee certifications,
Coffee & Conservation has been primarily concerned with criteria defining «shade» because those are the guidelines for canopy cover, vegetation structure, and tree species that promote biodiversity - friendly condi
Coffee & Conservation has been primarily concerned with criteria defining «
shade» because those are the guidelines
for canopy cover, vegetation structure, and tree species that promote biodiversity - friendly conditions.
For instance, 40 % shade canopy coverage was previously recommended for coffee in much of Central America, but these recommendations are changing in some places as coffee rust decimates coffee cro
For instance, 40 %
shade canopy coverage was previously recommended
for coffee in much of Central America, but these recommendations are changing in some places as coffee rust decimates coffee cro
for coffee in much of Central America, but these recommendations are changing in some places as
coffee rust decimates
coffee crops.
I understand that
shade over the crop is not always appropriate — in which case I believe a good alternative would be a mitigation requirement
for a contiguous forested patch or ecologically equivalent habitat of the same size as the
coffee crop elsewhere on the farm.
I recently reviewed a paper, Field - testing ecological and economic benefits of
coffee certification programs, that included a nifty summary table of the criteria used
for shade certification by Rainforest Alliance, and Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center (under the «Bird - Friendly» trademark).
The «
Coffee Growing — Environmental Leadership» section covers water body protection, including criteria
for width and type of vegetated buffer zones along permanent and seasonal water bodies, and use of chemicals or waste storage near water bodies; protection of soil resources, including measures to control and prevent erosion and use of organic mulches and cover crops; conserving biodiversity, including maintaining a
shade canopy, protecting wildlife, and establishment of conservation areas; and environmental management, including pest and disease control.
The amount, composition, and structure of
shade cover is the main proxy
for habitat preservation and the conservation of biodiversity, especially birds, in
coffee production areas.
Although I have found a lot of background information regarding
shade - grown
coffee, as well as more specific information mainly to do with biodiversity indices and legislation and the requirements of the
shade providing canopy I have been having a lot of trouble finding practical resources
for farmers.
I've written about their Cerulean Warbler campaign, which has included working with Colombian partners and
shade coffee farmers to preserve wintering habitat
for this declining songbird.
I talk about birds in
coffee a lot on this site — how birds use and need the resources provided in
shade coffee farms is the inspiration
for the site.
This study radiotracked several species of resident forest birds in the Coto Brus province of southern Costa Rica, now «dominated by sparsely -
shaded coffee farms» — recall that in my post on
coffee growing in Costa Rica that most farms, including those marketed as «
shade»
coffee, have few
shade trees of only a couple of species, and lack the structural complexity necessary
for true biodiversity preservation.
Organic
coffee is very difficult to grow without the presence of
shade trees to provide habitat
for beneficial insects, birds, and other organisms; to provide natural mulch; to aid in nutrient cycling; and to help in weed suppression.
The present (proposed) criteria are abysmally low
for some traditional
coffee farms in south India,
for instance, and there is little to either penalize a drift to poorer
shade or further incentivize maintenance of high
shade diversity and density.
These include live fences (hedgerows), riparian zones and conservation of forested areas, as well as an optimum
shade level
for agroforestry crops such as
coffee.
I am going to try to focus here on the «
shade criteria» which is very important
for coffee, especially as it relates to birds.
Further, if the proposed criteria will permit the
shade / tree requirements to be outside the production area as you mentioned, then there is less justification to reduce the amount of
shade required
for coffee in the standard.
The Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center has made the most well - known effort to establish criteria
for shade grown
coffee.