Research has shown the lowest risk of death
for sodium excretion was between 4,000 and 5,990 milligrams per day.
These findings demonstrate the lowest risk of death
for sodium excretion between 4 and 5.99 grams per day.
Not exact matches
But approximately 90 percent of the participants in the PURE study had either a high (greater than 5.99 grams per day) or moderate (3 to 5.99 grams per day) level of
sodium excretion; approximately 10 percent excreted less than 3 grams per day, and only 4 percent had
sodium excretion in the range associated with current U.S. guidelines
for sodium intake (2.3 or 1.5 grams per day).
Danish researchers have found that sleep deprivation causes healthy children, between the ages of eight and twelve, to urinate significantly more frequently, excrete more
sodium in their urine, have altered regulation of the hormones important
for excretion, and have higher blood pressure and heart rates.
The average
sodium excretion for the group was 4,770 milligrams.
Compared with moderate
sodium excretion, there was an association between low
sodium excretion and cardiovascular (CVD) death and hospitalization
for coronary heart failure.
After adjustment
for the variables of BMI and sex, the CVD risk of the lowest category of
sodium excretion, relative to the 6.8 percent of the second category, should be 5.3 percent.
Data from a study on the characteristics of CKD patients, 55 percent of whom are male, found that typically, 18 percent of CKD patients are of normal weight (BMI < 25), 29 percent are overweight (BMI 25 - 30) and 53 percent are obese (BMI > 30), 84 percent have hypertension and 42 percent have diabetes.8 Obesity is a risk factor
for CKD and hypertension, and is associated with increased
sodium excretion.
The association between salt intake as estimated by twenty - four - hour urinary
sodium excretion and the composite outcome of death and serious cardiovascular events was assessed over a median of 4.2 years
for both groups of subjects.
It is noted that a
sodium intake of less than 2 grams per day, which approximates the
sodium intake of the paleo diet with no added salt, was associated with a 68 percent increase in cardiovascular disease risk during follow - up of fifty - four months in the study reviewed in the Kresser blog.26 Another study, which excluded subjects with cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes, found that after thirty - three months, the cardiovascular risk of those with daily
sodium excretion of 1.9 grams was 36 percent higher after adjustment
for body mass index and sex than the risk of those excreting 3 grams.6
Findings: mean
sodium excretion was 4.93 g. Compared to a reference range of 4.00 - 5.99 g a day, the odds ratio
for death and cardiovascular events was 1.15
for high
sodium excretion (over 7 g a day) but was even greater at 1.27
for a low
sodium excretion (below 3 g).
Results were similar after adjustment
for changes in weight and urinary
sodium excretion.
Fluid losses not compensated
for by food intake can stimulate thirst mechanisms or other compensatory means, such as the sympathetic nervous system, angiotensin II, and renal
sodium excretion.