Sentences with phrase «for spatial variation»

In particular, I think it would be interesting to use a complex atmospheric chemistry component to allow for spatial variation in the forcing reduction through sulphate aerosols: increase the aerosol optical depth over one source country, for example, and let it disperse over time.

where S (x) are spatial random effects that account for spatial variation in podoconiosis prevalence between villages, not explained by the predictors, and Z (x) are unstructured random effects, also known as «nugget effect», which capture extra-binomial variation within villages.

Not exact matches

Observing devices, either within the region of the dissipative structure or outside of it, may detect regular oscillations caused by variations of components of the structure, or, if their temporal or spatial resolving power is not high enough for that, they may detect only a new, averaged reading, corresponding to a novel state of affairs brought about by the closure of the set of relationships which defines the dissipative structure.

Because SR - STORM gives full spectral and spatial information for each molecule, the technology opens the door to high - resolution imaging of multiple components and local chemical environments, such as pH variations, inside a cell.

Emerging evidence for variability in the coral calcification response to acidification, geographical variation in bleaching susceptibility and recovery, responses to past climate change, and potential rates of adaptation to rapid warming supports an alternative scenario in which reef degradation occurs with greater temporal and spatial heterogeneity than current projections suggest.

Gustafsson and graduate student Hesper Rego had achieved higher - resolution SIM with a variation called saturated depletion non-linear SIM, but that method trades improvements in spatial resolution for harsher conditions and a loss of speed.

While the proton radiation belts are characterized by stability, this is not the case for the electron radiation belts that are characterized by both complex temporal and spatial variations.

The records document that the Laschamp Excursion was characterized locally by (1) declination changes of ± 120 °, (2) inclination changes of more than 140 °, (3) ~ 1200 - year oscillations in both inclination and declination, (4) near 90 ° out - of - phase relationships between inclinations and declinations that produced two clockwise loops in directions and virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) followed by a counterclockwise loop, (5) excursional VGPs during both intervals of clockwise looping, (6) magnetic field intensities less than 10 % of normal that persisted for almost 2000 years, (7) marked similarity in excursional directions over ~ 5000 km spatial scale length, and (8) secular variation rates comparable to historic field behavior but persisting in sign for hundreds of years.

This method is recommended for routine normalization of cDNA arrays as it corrects the M - values for both subarray spatial variation and for intensity - based trends [51,52].

Lauren uses poison frogs as a model for understanding how variation in predation and spatial structure of the environment has driven the evolution of chemical defences and parental behaviors.

For documenta XIII (2012) Sehgal orchestrated This Variation, an immersive piece that places viewers in a nearly dark gallery among some 20 performers who sing, dance, clap, hum and talk, creating «an electrifying aural - spatial experience of pure, unencumbered imagination in action».

If you download 1998 - 2009 cloud cover here, and sea surface temperatures here, you can see that, except for a cloud band from ~ 0 to 10 degrees N, cloudiness is generally less where SST is warmer, though there are lots of details and spatial variation that lessen the correlation.

Natural variations of the amplitude and spatial pattern of ENSO are so large that confidence in any projected change for the 21st century remains low.

He claims that this can be corrected for, but he still isn't using the proper null — in M&N they show the results from the ensemble means (of the GISS model and the full AR4 model set), but seem to be completely ignorant of the fact that ensemble mean results remove the spatial variations associated with internal variability which should be the exact thing you would use!

But when optical thickness gets to a significant value (such that the overall spatial temperature variation occurs on a spatial scale comparable to a unit of optical thickness), each successive increment tends to have a smaller effect — when optical thickness is very large relative to the spatial scale of temperature variation, the flux at some location approaches the blackbody value for the temperature at that location, because the distances photons can travel from where they are emitted becomes so small that everything «within view» becomes nearly isothermal.

A similar conclusion was drawn from a similar analysis applied to a (spatially sparse) global network of monthly mean temperatures, where the effect of spatial dependencies for inter-annual and inter-decadal variations could be ruled out (Benestad, 2004).

Satellite studies (8 — 10) have found that for clear skies and SSTs above 298 K, the spatial variation of Ga with SST, dGa / d (SST), exceeds the rate of increase of sea surface emission, ds (SST) 4 / d (SST) = 4σ (SST) 3.

Using new remote sensing methods to generate an updated glacier inventory for the Karakoram region of Asia — which is part of the Hindu Kush - Karakoram - Himalaya mountain range located between the borders of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and China — Rankl et al. (2014) developed what they describe as «a new comprehensive dataset on the state of advancing, stable and retreating glaciers, including the temporal and spatial variations of frontal positions between 1976 and 2012.»

Despite the complexity of global food supply, here we show that simple measures of growing season temperatures and precipitation — spatial averages based on the locations of each crop — explain ~ 30 % or more of year - to - year variations in global average yields for the world's six most widely grown crops.

When that is done with a reasonable number of components, strong spatial variations of temperatures are certainly predicted for the ocean areas.

The development of methods and protocols that effectively capture spatial and temporal variation in GHG fluxes is crucial for improving our ability to compare «apples to apples» between different reservoir systems.

In addition to magnitude variations, the details of the spatial pattern of P anomalies can differ from one ensemble member to another: for example, France and Great Britain show negative P anomalies in simulation 14 and positive P anomalies in simulation 25.

The terrestrial surface is not of uniform heat capacity, so spatial aggregation criteria alone can be responsible for observed amplitudes of multidecadal variation.

Paul Vaughan says: July 26, 2011 at 7:06 am so spatial aggregation criteria alone can be responsible for observed amplitudes of multidecadal variation.

Tide gauges have the following disadvantages for determining global sea level changes: uneven distribution around the world; missing data; spatial and temporal variations in ocean circulations; and land movements.

However, developing an improved correlation model that incorporates additional spatial variations is a likely topic for future research.»

Natural spatial and temporal variability in the pH / pCO2 conditions experienced by marine populations provide the potential for different levels of adaptation (genetic) and acclimatization (phenotypic) to decreased pH and elevated pCO2, emphasizing the importance of understanding physiological variation existing along natural environmental gradients (macrophysiology) in understanding global change impacts [29].

Here, we present an explanation for time - invariant land — sea warming ratio that applies if three conditions on radiative forcing are met: first, spatial variations in the climate forcing must be sufficiently small that the lower free troposphere warms evenly over land and ocean; second, the temperature response must not be large enough to change the global circulation to zeroth order; third, the temperature response must not be large enough to modify the boundary layer amplification mechanisms that contribute to making φ exceed unity.

Goyet, C., C. Coatanoan, G. Eischeid, T. Amaoka, K. Okuda, R. Healy, and S. Tsunogai, 1999: Spatial variation of total CO2 and total alkalinity in the northern Indian Ocean: A novel approach for the quantification of anthropogenic CO2 in seawater.

The records document that the Laschamp Excursion was characterized locally by (1) declination changes of ± 120 °, (2) inclination changes of more than 140 °, (3) ~ 1200 - year oscillations in both inclination and declination, (4) near 90 ° out - of - phase relationships between inclinations and declinations that produced two clockwise loops in directions and virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) followed by a counterclockwise loop, (5) excursional VGPs during both intervals of clockwise looping, (6) magnetic field intensities less than 10 % of normal that persisted for almost 2000 years, (7) marked similarity in excursional directions over ~ 5000 km spatial scale length, and (8) secular variation rates comparable to historic field behavior but persisting in sign for hundreds of years.