Sentences with phrase «for study variables»

Descriptive statistics were completed for all study variables including the sample demographics to characterize the sample and investigate how adolescents compared their parents» monitoring to the «good parent» standard.

Descriptive statistics for all study variables can be found in Table 2.

Preliminary analyses examined descriptive statistics (eg, means, median, proportions) for all study variables of interest.

Not exact matches

To date, results from several longitudinal studies indicate that e-cigarette use among nonsmoking youth increases the likelihood of future use of conventional cigarettes.5 — 10 Specifically, the pooled odds ratio (OR) in a recent meta - analysis of studies of adolescents and young adults (aged 14 — 30) indicates that those who had ever used e-cigarettes were 3.62 times more likely to report using cigarettes at follow - up compared with those who had not used e - cigarettes.11 This finding was robust and remained significant when adjusting for known risk factors associated with cigarette smoking, including demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral variables such as cigarette susceptibility.

As for tax status, the study found that mortality rates for variable annuities are nearly 15 percent lower for tax - qualified contracts than for non-qualified contracts.

Account balances of all types of annuities combined — fixed and variable, deferred and immediate — tend to run lower than not only the $ 231,000 average SPIA premium that advisors searched for in the CANNEX study.

Co., 1978); Thomas C. Campbell and Yoshio Fukuyama, The Fragmented Layman: An Empirical Study of Lay Attitudes (Philadelphia: Pilgrim Press, 1970); James D. Davidson, «Religious Belief as an Independent Variable,» Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 11 (1972): 65 - 75; James D. Davidson, «Religious Belief as a Dependent Variable,» Sociological Analysis 33 (1972): 81 - 94; James D. Davidson, «Patterns of Belief at the Denominational and Congregational Levels,» Review of Religious Research 13 (1972): 197 - 205; David R. Gibbs, Samuel A. Miller, and James R. Wood, «Doctrinal Orthodoxy, Salience and the Consequential Dimension,» Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 12 (1973): 33 - 52; William McKinney, and others, Census Data for Community Mission (New York: Board for Homeland Ministries, United Church of Christ, 1983), part of a denomination - wide study of census data relevant to each congregation in the United Church of Christ; David O. Moberg, `' Theological Position and Institutional Characteristics of Protestant Congregations: An Explanatory Study,» Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 9 (1970): 53 - 58; Wade Clark Roof, Community and Commitment; Thomas Sweetser, The Catholic Parish: Shifting Membership in a Changing Church (Chicago: Center for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1Study of Lay Attitudes (Philadelphia: Pilgrim Press, 1970); James D. Davidson, «Religious Belief as an Independent Variable,» Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 11 (1972): 65 - 75; James D. Davidson, «Religious Belief as a Dependent Variable,» Sociological Analysis 33 (1972): 81 - 94; James D. Davidson, «Patterns of Belief at the Denominational and Congregational Levels,» Review of Religious Research 13 (1972): 197 - 205; David R. Gibbs, Samuel A. Miller, and James R. Wood, «Doctrinal Orthodoxy, Salience and the Consequential Dimension,» Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 12 (1973): 33 - 52; William McKinney, and others, Census Data for Community Mission (New York: Board for Homeland Ministries, United Church of Christ, 1983), part of a denomination - wide study of census data relevant to each congregation in the United Church of Christ; David O. Moberg, `' Theological Position and Institutional Characteristics of Protestant Congregations: An Explanatory Study,» Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 9 (1970): 53 - 58; Wade Clark Roof, Community and Commitment; Thomas Sweetser, The Catholic Parish: Shifting Membership in a Changing Church (Chicago: Center for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1Study of Religion 11 (1972): 65 - 75; James D. Davidson, «Religious Belief as a Dependent Variable,» Sociological Analysis 33 (1972): 81 - 94; James D. Davidson, «Patterns of Belief at the Denominational and Congregational Levels,» Review of Religious Research 13 (1972): 197 - 205; David R. Gibbs, Samuel A. Miller, and James R. Wood, «Doctrinal Orthodoxy, Salience and the Consequential Dimension,» Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 12 (1973): 33 - 52; William McKinney, and others, Census Data for Community Mission (New York: Board for Homeland Ministries, United Church of Christ, 1983), part of a denomination - wide study of census data relevant to each congregation in the United Church of Christ; David O. Moberg, `' Theological Position and Institutional Characteristics of Protestant Congregations: An Explanatory Study,» Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 9 (1970): 53 - 58; Wade Clark Roof, Community and Commitment; Thomas Sweetser, The Catholic Parish: Shifting Membership in a Changing Church (Chicago: Center for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1Study of Religion 12 (1973): 33 - 52; William McKinney, and others, Census Data for Community Mission (New York: Board for Homeland Ministries, United Church of Christ, 1983), part of a denomination - wide study of census data relevant to each congregation in the United Church of Christ; David O. Moberg, `' Theological Position and Institutional Characteristics of Protestant Congregations: An Explanatory Study,» Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 9 (1970): 53 - 58; Wade Clark Roof, Community and Commitment; Thomas Sweetser, The Catholic Parish: Shifting Membership in a Changing Church (Chicago: Center for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1study of census data relevant to each congregation in the United Church of Christ; David O. Moberg, `' Theological Position and Institutional Characteristics of Protestant Congregations: An Explanatory Study,» Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 9 (1970): 53 - 58; Wade Clark Roof, Community and Commitment; Thomas Sweetser, The Catholic Parish: Shifting Membership in a Changing Church (Chicago: Center for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1Study,» Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 9 (1970): 53 - 58; Wade Clark Roof, Community and Commitment; Thomas Sweetser, The Catholic Parish: Shifting Membership in a Changing Church (Chicago: Center for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1Study of Religion 9 (1970): 53 - 58; Wade Clark Roof, Community and Commitment; Thomas Sweetser, The Catholic Parish: Shifting Membership in a Changing Church (Chicago: Center for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1Study of Religion, 1974).

Andrew M. Greeley, «Religious Imagery as a Predictor Variable in the General Social Survey,» paper presented at a plenary session of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, Chicago, 1984.

The standard for judging moral development was developed from the experiences and reflections of the male investigators — a perfectly good procedure, save that the masculine experience was not seen as a variable in the study, but a norm.

It is impossible to do a completely controlled study where you are adjusting for variables such as these because it would require round the clock constant monitoring of people over a long period of time.

Future studies with larger numbers of breastfeeding mothers could allow for paired comparisons before and after an intervention, as well as analysis of the impact of independent variables like gender, year of training, age, or previous breastfeeding experience.

What I meant was the RTC isn't possible to truly compare outcomes (b / c women will choose where they want to give birth and so variables related to those types of women would not be controlled for), so different studies are going to point to different outcomes, and every study can be criticized.

Studies of interventions for unsettled infant behaviour are compromised by omitted variable bias, due to unidentified clinical breastfeeding problems

Though we found some rigorous studies that after controlling for certain variables showed positive results of the AP program, especially in the sciences, we believe more research needs to be done before we can verify the broad claim that taking AP classes makes students more likely to succeed in college.

One study finds an association with disease x, but not y or z, another finds one with y but not x. None of these studies are able to fully control for the critically important confounding variable of maternal health, and none of the decent quality ones have demonstrated a large difference in risk.

We compared socio - demographic and pregnancy - related characteristics among the three study groups using chi - square tests for categorical variables, analysis of variance (ANOVA) for normally distributed continuous variables and the nonparametric Kruskal - Wallis test for continuous variables that were not normally distributed.

In a large population - based study in the UK, women identified as having «marked concern» about body shape and weight on a questionnaire were significantly less likely to intend to breastfeed their infant up to four months after adjusting for a range of variables [34].

This study was designed to examine the effect of human milk feedings on the incidence of infection and sepsis / meningitis among hospitalized, VLBW infants controlling for potential confounding variables.

Several studies have also attempted to understand the role of breastfeeding on IQ, and although some authors conclude that the observed advantage of breastfeeding on IQ is related only to genetic and socioenvironmental factors, a recent meta - analysis showed that after adjustment for appropriate key co-factors, breastfeeding was associated with significantly higher scores for cognitive development than formula feeding.6 Longer duration of breastfeeding has also been positively associated with intelligence in adulthood.22 We also observed the benefits of long - term breastfeeding on mental indices, along with the indirect benefit of balancing the impact of exposure to p, p ′ DDE after adjustment for some socioeconomic variables.

women allocated to midwife - led continuity models of care were more likely to be attended at birth by a known midwife (RR 7.04, 95 % CI 4.48 to 11.08; participants = 6917; studies = seven); however, the effect estimates for individual studies are highly variable, as reflected in substantial statistical heterogeneity (Tau ² = 0.31; I ² = 94 %; Analysis 1.15).

Previous research from the UK and Canada has identified a lower risk of PPH among planned home births than among planned hospital births [4, 11], but the UK study did not attempt to control for confounding variables.

In order for a study to look at the differences between the two we need a longitudinal study which specifically compares those who are exclusively breastfed to sleep and through the night with those who are sleep trained and night weaned, leaving out variables which can also affect the results AND have it be peer reviewed.

Subsequent prospective studies yielded similar results, whether they controlled for parental age, child age, race and family structure; 12 poverty, child age, emotional support, cognitive stimulation, sex, race and the interactions among these variables; 13 or other factors.14 — 17 These studies provide the strongest evidence available that physical punishment is a risk factor for child aggression and antisocial behaviour.

However, in malnourished populations motor development may be a useful predictor of subsequent human function.5 A study conducted in Denmark6 found a positive relationship between breastfeeding duration and an earlier ability to crawl and perform the «pincer grip» after adjusting for potential confounding variables.

To correct for limitations, Bauchner et al suggested four standards for breast feeding studies.22 These include avoidance of detection bias, clear definition of the outcome event, clear definition of breast feeding, and adjustment for potential confounding variables.

A couple things about this study are worth mentioning: a) they removed cases in which symptoms of cancer occurred in the first nine months or the child died in the first year, which may be where the effects of breastfeeding are strongest (though I certainly don't know this for a fact, but it is reasonable); and b) they did not examine exclusive breastfeeding, but rather any breastfeeding (this is important as the effects of breastfeeding are known to be strongest when breastfeeding is exclusive and it is also difficult to ascertain how little or how much women were breastfeeding when any breastfeeding is the variable of interest).

Thus, for 285 (64 %) of the study participants, this variable was available.

However, as with other observational studies, these results may have been affected by confounding variables that were unknown and thus not accounted for, and the observation of an association gives no proof of causality.

But here's the interesting variable that provides evidence for possible biological underpinnings: 53 of the studied competitors were blind.

In total, after adjusting for variables, 73 proteins were found to differ among the four groups studied.

The goal for Andreassen's study was to conduct a survey that specifically assessed the use of social network sites for personal purposes during working hours, and whether such use is related to self - reported work performance — controlling for basic demographic, personality, and work - related variables.

«For anesthesia studies, the variables most likely to result in identification of individuals are the combination of hospital and surgical procedures,» Dr. O'Neill and coauthors write.

In an accompanying editorial, Jayant Talwalkar, M.D., associate medical director of the Value Analysis Program in the Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, says that the study further illustrates that existing guidelines are highly variable with respect to evidence quality and transparency.

William and Stillwell chose to study green roofs over other forms of green infrastructure for a very simple reason: There was one on campus fitted with the instrumentation needed to measure soil moisture, rainfall amount, temperature, humidity and many other variables that are plugged into their fragility curve model.

Descriptive statistics should be presented for variables that are integral to subsequent analyses and interpretation of the study findings.

Vuckovic, who is one of the world's leading researchers in the field, said quantum computing is ideal for studying biological systems, doing cryptography or data mining — in fact, solving any problem with many variables.

Most animal studies of the disease are conducted with laboratory mice that have been genetically engineered and bred to model ALS, but for this research, investigators used rats with ALS because they more accurately portray the disease's variable course in humans.

For the study, Levy and a team of 10 investigators looked at such variables as harm from e-cigarettes, and amount of youth uptake, and the rate of cessation among others.

In contrast to scientists who seek to isolate and study one variable in the environment, traditional knowledge — holders look for relationships within the whole environment, which helps science explore new territory.

While the study couldn't control for every variable that might have affected the shape of the skulls, the trend the researchers found was toward thinner craniums and less prominent brow ridges starting around 80,000 years ago and possibly earlier.

Kassell estimates that this is a million - word task, but the end result will allow researchers to follow individual patients for decades or to study conditions, historical dates, and other variables to learn about trends.

The study, published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, compared several social and demographic variables to the way people describe the rules for displaying emotion in dozens of countries.

From a scientific point of view, food poisoning made for an unexpected — but not entirely unwelcome — variable in the study.

However, these studies failed to account for the comprehensive set of geological variables that change over time, influencing the volcanic history.

Other variables included the history of fractures in participants, and the use of supplements such as current or past use of calcium and / or vitamin D. Blood test results for vitamin D levels from 1,204 out of the 1,279 participants were also factored into the study.

For the study, the researchers measured variables of grief including hopelessness, sadness and loneliness as well as depression and PTSD.

The chemistry of protactinium, which is very difficult to study due to it scarcity and complex chemistry, is important for understanding and controlling its behavior for application in nuclear reactors, as well as for comprehending the overall variable and complex chemistry of the actinide series and transition elements used in everyday technologies.

Years of diabetes research carried out on mice whose DNA had been altered with a human growth hormone gene is now ripe for reinterpretation after a new study by researchers at KU Leuven confirms that the gene had an unintended effect on the mice's insulin production, a key variable in diabetes research.

The study establishes a method for estimating UHI intensities using PRISM — Parameter - elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model — climate data, an analytical model that creates gridded estimates by incorporating climatic variables (temperature and precipitation), expert knowledge of climatic events (rain shadows, temperature inversions and coastal regimes) and digital elevation.

Practices and expectations regarding such questions are so variable, they continue, that one study found «country of origin [to be] a strong predictor of students» tolerance for cheating.»