For cessation of exclusive breastfeeding at up to six months the treatment effect appears to be greater when the intervention was delivered by non-professionals (lay support) compared with professionals or mixed support (test
for subgroup differences: Chi ² = 7.74, df = 2 (P = 0.02), I ² = 73.1 %; Analysis 2.2).
For cessation of exclusive breastfeeding at up to six months face - to - face interventions may be associated with greater effects than other types of support; however, very high within - group heterogeneity remains in the analysis, and we advise caution when interpreting this result (test
for subgroup differences: Chi ² = 37.55, df = 2 (P <.00001, I ² = 94.7 %; Analysis 3.2).
However, within - group heterogeneity remains very high in all subgroups, and we advise caution when interpreting this result (test
for subgroup differences: Chi ² = 7.62, df = 3 (P = 0.05), I ² = 60.6 %; Analysis 6.4).
For cessation of any breastfeeding at up to six months, there is no evidence of a difference in the effectiveness of the intervention according to the background breastfeeding rate (test
for subgroup differences: Chi ² = 0.56, df = 2 (P = 0.76), I ² = 0 %; Analysis 5.1).
For cessation of exclusive breastfeeding by four to six weeks the test
for subgroup differences indicates a possible differential treatment effect (test
for subgroup differences: Chi ² = 7.12, df = 2 (P = 0.03), I ² = 71.9 %).
The confidence intervals for this subgroup do not overlap with any other subgroup, but within - group heterogeneity for all subgroups remains very high, and we advise caution when interpreting this result (Analysis 6.2; test
for subgroup differences: Chi ² = 13.78, df = 3 (P = 0.003), I ² = 78.2 %).
For cessation of any breastfeeding at up to six months there was no evidence of a differential effect according to type of support (test
for subgroup differences: Chi ² = 0.40, df = 2 (P = 0.82), I ² = 0 %; Analysis 3.1).
There were borderline differences between subgroups for the outcome of regional analgesia (Test
for subgroup differences: (P = 0.10), I ² = 63.4 %).
We noted no evidence
for subgroup differences for the any breastfeeding outcomes.
Not exact matches
For example, a correlational study of two American subgroups — one from La Leche League and one control group — found that frequent feedings reduced crying in babies who were two months old but did not make a difference for four - month - old babi
For example, a correlational study of two American
subgroups — one from La Leche League and one control group — found that frequent feedings reduced crying in babies who were two months old but did not make a
difference for four - month - old babi
for four - month - old babies.
intact perineum (average RR 1.04, 95 % CI 0.95 to 1.13; participants = 13,186; studies = 10; high quality evidence)(Analysis 1.5); there was moderate heterogeneity
for this outcome (Heterogeneity: Tau ² = 0.01; I ² = 54 %), and this could not be attributed to
differences in the pre-specified
subgroups (see below and Analysis 2.5 and Analysis 3.5).
There were no significant
subgroup differences found
for either preterm birth or overall fetal loss, or
for any outcome.
intact perineum (average RR 1.04, 95 % CI 0.95 to 1.13; participants = 13,186; studies = 10)(Analysis 1.5); There was moderate heterogeneity
for this outcome (Heterogeneity: Tau ² = 0.01; I ² = 54 %), and this could not be attributed to
differences in the prespecified
subgroups (see below and Analysis 2.5 and Analysis 3.5).
On the whole, there was no evidence of a
difference between the caseload and team
subgroups for any of the outcomes included in the
subgroup analysis.
On the whole, there was no evidence of a
difference between the caseload and team
subgroups for any of the outcomes included in the
subgroup analysis, which included caesarean section, instrumental vaginal birth, spontaneous vaginal birth, intact perineum, preterm birth < 37 weeks and all fetal loss before and after 24 weeks plus neonatal death.
Key findings were examined
for statistically significant
differences among SFA
subgroups based on size, community type, region, and poverty level.
There was no evidence of a
difference between the caseload and team
subgroups for any of the outcomes included in the
subgroup analysis.
Differences between the average treatment effects
for the
subgroups were generally small.
The researchers identified several hundred
differences in methylation associated with either Mexican or Puerto Rican ethnicity, but discovered that only three - quarters of the epigenetic
difference between the two ethnic
subgroups could be accounted
for by
differences in the children's genetic ancestry.
These models are used to estimate impacts on the separate components of the
subgroups (e.g., impacts on minority and non-minority students separately) and test
for the
difference in impacts between the two groups.
Because
differences in the responses of parents and nonparents are negligible, we do not present the findings
for these two
subgroups.
There were, however, significant interaction effects indicating
differences between some
subgroups of intervention and comparison mothers in provision of appropriate play materials, organisation of the physical and temporal environments, and provision of opportunities
for variety in daily stimulation (table 2).
The pattern of results across the four models is broadly consistent although there are
differences in significance across age groups, potentially due to lower power
for the smaller
subgroup samples.
The only
difference was that different correlations were obtained
for subgroups of FBG.
Subgroup analyses showed significant
differences for continent of residence and depression severity (ie, depressive symptoms or a clinical diagnosis depression).
Some evidence was found
for differences in vocabulary among different Hispanic
subgroups.
With respect to negative parenting, Healthy Families mothers in the High Prevention Opportunity
subgroup were less likely than their counterparts in the control group to use harsh parenting, while no
differences were detected
for the Limited Prevention Opportunity
subgroup.
With respect to negative parenting, Healthy Families NY mothers in the High Prevention Opportunity
subgroup were less likely than their counterparts in the control group to use harsh parenting, while no
differences were detected
for the Limited Prevention Opportunity
subgroup.
The nature of significant interaction effects was determined by examining the main effects of sample status separately
for the different levels of the moderator in GLM analyses of covariance, to statistically test the sample
differences within the
subgroups.
Given these behavioral sex
differences, it seems plausible to find different
subgroups for boys and girls.
No
differences between these
subgroups were found
for any emotion (see Fig. 3b).
Sample descriptive
for all variables in the total sample and in the DBD − and DBD +
subgroups and their
differences using t tests