There was no significant difference between sprinters
for vertical force production during the second half of the stance phase.
Not exact matches
But wait, there's even more: The
vertical and lateral G -
force loads
for a NASCAR driver average between three and five Gs in banked turns.
That mistake, a few short free kicks and a missed pass or two was all I could find in the negative
for this guy, who was completely dominant as the
vertical driving
force of the offense.
We OTs love getting kids to work on
vertical surfaces (think: easel or chalkboard) because of how it
forces them to bend their wrists back (called «extension») as they play, something that is critical
for good handwriting skills.
More commonly, deformational plagiocephaly occurs postnatally and is associated with congenital torticollis, vertebral anomalies, neurologic impairment, or
forced sleeping position.3 — 5 Few reports document any late effects of deformational plagiocephaly other than potential cosmetic concerns and the potential
for strabismus, especially involving
vertical eye movements.6,, 7 Plagiocephaly may be morphometrically evident in as many as 14 % of adults, but it is rarely recognized.8
Our species is prone to back pain,
for example, because our ancestors» imperfect transition to upright walking essentially took a spine similar to that of our nearest living relatives, knuckle - walking chimpanzees, and
forced it
vertical with piecemeal adaptations.
They found that
for an open wheeled racing car weighing around 700 kg, the
force of gravity would be 8571N less than the frictional
force, meaning the car would easily be able to stay on the
vertical banking.
Kelly could reduce the downward
force for particularly delicate objects by making the
vertical part of her trunk shorter — and increase the
force by making the
vertical section longer.
Instead, imagine you're pulling the bar down toward your chest in a controlled manner because it will help you maintain the proper body position
for generating maximum
vertical force.
The end result of this course of thinking was that I essentially disregarded
vertical force production and placed far more emphasis on horizontally orientated specialised strength development exercises in the programmes I use
for my players and clients.
Comparing the use of a barbell or a barbell plus chains
for the clean, using 75 % or 80 % of 1RM with 5 % of chains replacing the same weight of barbell, Berning et al. (2008) found that there was no difference between conditions in relation to peak
vertical displacement, peak velocity or rate of
force production in the first - pull, transition, or second - pull phases of the clean.
For a person running at a typical casual runner's pace of 2.5 meters per second (9 km / hr, or 5.6 mph) it can be shown, based on data collected by LG Pugh for the study titled «The influence of wind resistance in running and walking and the mechanical efficiency of work against horizontal or vertical forces,» that the energy cost of air resistance while running on solid ground is roughly 0.84 calories per kilometer (this is equivalent to approximately an extra 1.2 % calorie burn relative to a runner on a treadmil
For a person running at a typical casual runner's pace of 2.5 meters per second (9 km / hr, or 5.6 mph) it can be shown, based on data collected by LG Pugh
for the study titled «The influence of wind resistance in running and walking and the mechanical efficiency of work against horizontal or vertical forces,» that the energy cost of air resistance while running on solid ground is roughly 0.84 calories per kilometer (this is equivalent to approximately an extra 1.2 % calorie burn relative to a runner on a treadmil
for the study titled «The influence of wind resistance in running and walking and the mechanical efficiency of work against horizontal or
vertical forces,» that the energy cost of air resistance while running on solid ground is roughly 0.84 calories per kilometer (this is equivalent to approximately an extra 1.2 % calorie burn relative to a runner on a treadmill).
Very recent research has identified that
for any given athlete, it is possible to establish a
force - velocity profile in the
vertical squat jump (Samazino et al. 2012; 2014) and countermovement jump (Jiménez - Reyes et al. 2014).
For any athlete, it is possible to establish a
force - velocity profile (FV) during the
vertical jumping movement.
Since strength is velocity - specific, not everyone automatically has an optimal
force - velocity profile
for producing peak power output in a
vertical jump.
Getting back to «body neutral» begins with aligning your skeleton with the
vertical force of gravity so that your muscles have the opportunity
for their full range of motion.
In a highly niched industry that often
forces providers into
vertical silos, we've managed to stay «horizontal» on two levels: 1) Delivering an elegant UI / UX
for consumers who are trying to make sense of the noise, and 2) Providing an API
for developers and analysts seeking a faster path to underlying data that drives their business.
Automatic tailgate opening, BMW emergency call, BMW Online services, BMW teleservices, Brake pad wear indicator warning light, Check control system, Door / boot open warning, Front / rear Parking distance control, Lights on warning, Oil temperature gauge, On board computer, Outside temperature display, Run flat indicator, Service interval indicator, Stop / start button, Auxiliary point
for auxiliary devices, BMW professional radio / CD / MP3, DAB Digital radio, 2 speed adjustable intermittent wipers with wash / wipe function, Auto dimming rear view mirror, Body colour bumpers, Body colour door handles, Body colour door mirrors, Body colour roof mouldings, Chrome kidney grille with black
vertical slats, Daytime running lights, Door sill finishers, Electric adjustable heated door mirrors, Electric front and rear windows with fingertip open / close + anti-trap all round, Follow me home headlights, Front fog lights, Headlight range control, Headlight washers, Heat insulating tinted glass, Heated windscreen washer jets, High gloss shadow line, LED tail lights, M aerodynamic bodystyling, Rain sensor including auto headlights activation, Twin chrome exhaust tailpipes, Windscreen with grey shadeband, 12V sockets in front centre console and passenger footwell, 3 spoke leather M multifunction sports steering wheel, 4 grab handles, Anthracite headlining, Dual zone climate control, Electrically adjustable front seats - driver seat with memory, Folding storage compartment with glasses holder + coin tray, Front centre armrest with storage compartment, Front cupholders x 2, Front head restraints, Front sports seats with electric side bolster adjustment, Front / rear armrests within door panels, Glovebox with lid, Heated front seats, Integrated rear head restraints, ISOFIX child seat preparation + airbag deactivation, Lashing eyelets in boot, Leather gearknob, Leather handbrake, Reach + rake adjustable steering column, Rear centre armrest with 2 cupholders, Storage compartment in rear centre console, Sunvisors with vanity mirrors, Toolkit located in luggage compartment, Velour floormats, Welcome lighting, Extended lights package - 4 Series, Media pack - Professional - 4 Series, 3 point seatbelts on all seats, ABS / EBD, Automatic Stability Control (ASC), Brake assist, CBC -(Cornering brake control), Crash Sensor - activates hazard / interior lighting + unlocks doors, Driver seatbelt warning indicator, Driver / Front Passenger airbags, DSC +, Dynamic brake control, Dynamic Traction Control - DTC, Front passenger airbag deactivation, Front seatbelt
force limiters, Front seatbelt pretensioner, Front side airbags, Hill start assist, ITS head airbags
for front / rear, Side impact protection, Tyre pressure monitor, Warning triangle and first aid kit, Drive away door locking, Electronic immobiliser, Remote central locking, Remote control Thatcham category 1 alarm, Drive Performance Control, Electronic differential lock
BMW emergency call, BMW teleservices, On board computer, Service interval indicator, Servotronic PAS, Stop / start button, Auxiliary socket
for external device, BMW professional radio / CD / MP3, DAB Digital radio, Body coloured bumpers, Body coloured door mirrors, Brake
force display, Chrome kidney grille with black
vertical slats, Daytime running lights, Electric adjustable heated door mirrors, Electric front / rear windows with one touch / anti pinch, Follow me home headlights, Headlight wash system, Heated rear window, High gloss shadow line, M aerodynamic bodystyling, Rain sensor with auto light activation system, Remote controlled 2 piece retractable hard top, Soft close bootlid, Xenon headlights, Air filter, Ambient interior lighting, Anthracite headlining, Anthracite Velour floor mats, Dual zone automatic air conditioning, Front centre armrest, Front head restraints, Front passenger isofix child seat attachment, Gearshift paddles on steering wheel, Leather gear knob / gaiter, Leather handbrake, M Sport multifunction leather steering wheel, Reach + rake adjustable steering column, Reading lights, Sports seats, Storage compartments in instrument panel and centre console, ABS / EBD, CBC -(Cornering brake control), Crash Sensor - activates hazard / interior lighting + unlocks doors, Driver / Passenger airbags (Impact dependent), Dynamic Traction Control - DTC, Electronic parking brake, Front curtain airbags, Front passenger airbag deactivation, Front side airbags, Fuel cut off safety device, Pyrotechnically pre-tensioned front seatbelts, Run flat tyres + tyre pressure monitor, Warning triangle and first aid kit, Locking wheel bolts, Remote central locking, Thatcham cat 1 remote alarm / immobiliser, Dynamic Drive, Dynamic stability control
BMW emergency call, BMW Online services, BMW remote services, BMW teleservices, Brake pad wear indicator warning light, Check control system, Door / boot open warning, Front / rear Parking distance control, iDrive controller and display with 6.5» monitor, Lights on warning, Oil temperature gauge, On board computer, Outside temperature display, Real time traffic information, Run flat indicator, Service interval indicator, Stop / start button, Bluetooth audio streaming, BMW professional radio / CD / MP3, DAB Digital radio, 2 speed adjustable intermittent wipers with wash / wipe function, Auto dimming rear view mirror, Body colour bumpers, Body colour door handles, Body colour door mirrors, Body colour roof mouldings, Chrome kidney grille with black
vertical slats, Door sill finishers, Dual chrome exhaust, Electric adjustable heated door mirrors, Electric front windows / one touch facility, Follow me home headlights, Heat insulating tinted glass, Heated windscreen washer jets, High gloss shadow line, LED daytime running lights, LED front fog lights, M aerodynamic bodystyling, Rain sensor including auto headlights activation, Windscreen with grey shadeband, 12V sockets in front centre console and passenger footwell, 3 spoke leather M multifunction sports steering wheel, 4 grab handles, Anthracite headlining, Anthracite Velour floor mats, Dual zone climate control, Folding front centre armrest with storage compartment, Folding storage compartment with glasses holder + coin tray, Front cupholders x 2, Front door storage with bottle holder, Front head restraints, Front sports seats with electric side bolster adjustment, Front / rear armrests within door panels, Glovebox with lid, Heated front seats, Integrated rear head restraints, ISOFIX child seat preparation + airbag deactivation, Lashing eyelets in boot, Leather gearknob, Leather handbrake grip, Reach + rake adjustable steering column, Rear centre armrest with 2 cupholders, Storage compartment in rear centre console, Toolkit located in luggage compartment, Welcome lighting, Extended lights package - 4 Series, 3 point seatbelts on all seats, ABS / EBD, Automatic Stability Control (ASC), Brake energy regeneration, CBC -(Cornering brake control), Crash Sensor - activates hazard / interior lighting + unlocks doors, Driver seatbelt warning indicator, Driver / Front Passenger airbags, DSC +, Dynamic brake control, Dynamic Traction Control - DTC, Front passenger airbag deactivation, Front seatbelt
force limiters, Front seatbelt pretensioner, Front side airbags, Hill start assist, ITS head airbags
for front / rear, Side impact protection, Tyre pressure monitor, Warning triangle and first aid kit, Central locking including fuel filler and boot, Drive away door locking, Electronic immobiliser, Remote control Thatcham category 1 alarm, Drive Performance Control, Electronic differential lock, Sports function on gearbox with steering wheel mounted gearshift paddles
At the side we find a new set of lower sills, again in clear carbon fiber but with a small red pinstripe... a detail inspired by the Veneno Rosso naturally, at the front the horizontal styling will increase down
force while in front of the rear wheel DMC uses another
vertical fin... this not only directs more air onto the rear brakes but it also doubles as a stabilizer
for straight line high speed driving.
Bluetooth hands free telephone connection, On board computer, Service interval indicator, Servotronic PAS, Stop / start button, Auxiliary socket
for external device, BMW professional radio / CD / MP3, USB / audio interface, Body colour heated door mirrors, Body coloured bumpers, Brake
force display, Chrome kidney grille with black
vertical slats, Electric front / rear windows with one touch / anti pinch, Follow me home headlights, Headlight wash system, Heated rear window, Rain sensor with auto light activation system, Remote controlled 2 piece retractable hard top, Soft close bootlid, Xenon headlights, Air filter, Ambient interior lighting, Anthracite Velour floor mats, Dual zone automatic air conditioning, Front centre armrest, Front head restraints, Front passenger isofix child seat attachment, Leather gear knob / gaiter, Leather handbrake, Multifunction sports leather steering wheel, Reach + rake adjustable steering column, Reading lights, Storage compartments in instrument panel and centre console, Smokers pack, ABS / EBD, CBC -(Cornering brake control), Crash Sensor - activates hazard / interior lighting + unlocks doors, Driver / Passenger airbags (Impact dependent), Dynamic Traction Control - DTC, Electronic parking brake, Front curtain airbags, Front passenger airbag deactivation, Front side airbags, Fuel cut off safety device, Hill start assist, Pyrotechnically pre-tensioned front seatbelts, Run flat tyres + tyre pressure monitor, Warning triangle and first aid kit, Locking wheel bolts, Remote central locking, Thatcham cat 1 remote alarm / immobiliser, Dynamic Drive, Dynamic stability control
BMW emergency call, BMW teleservices, Brake pad wear indicator warning light, Check control system, Door / boot open warning, Front / rear Parking distance control, Lights on warning, Oil temperature gauge, On board computer, Outside temperature display, Run flat indicator, Service interval indicator, Stop / start button, Auxiliary point
for auxiliary devices, Bluetooth audio streaming, BMW professional radio / CD / MP3, DAB Digital radio, 2 speed adjustable intermittent wipers with wash / wipe function, Auto dimming rear view mirror, Body colour bumpers, Body colour door handles, Body colour door mirrors, Body colour roof mouldings, Chrome kidney grille with chrome
vertical slats, Daytime running lights, Door sill finishers, Electric front windows / one touch facility, Follow me home headlights, Front fog lights, Headlight washers, Heat insulating tinted glass, Heated windscreen washer jets, High gloss shadow line, M aerodynamic bodystyling, Rain sensor including auto headlights activation, Twin chrome exhaust tailpipes, Windscreen with grey shadeband, 12V sockets in front centre console and passenger footwell, 3 spoke leather M multifunction sports steering wheel, 4 grab handles, Anthracite headlining, Anthracite Velour floor mats, Dual zone climate control, Electrically adjustable front seats - driver seat with memory, Folding storage compartment with glasses holder + coin tray, Front centre armrest with storage compartment, Front cupholders x 2, Front head restraints, Front sports seats with electric side bolster adjustment, Front / rear armrests within door panels, Glovebox with lid, Heated front seats, Integrated rear head restraints, ISOFIX child seat preparation + airbag deactivation, Lashing eyelets in boot, Leather gearknob, Reach + rake adjustable steering column, Rear centre armrest, Storage compartment in rear centre console, Sunvisors with vanity mirrors, Toolkit located in luggage compartment, Extended lights package - 4 Series, ABS / EBD, Automatic Stability Control (ASC), CBC -(Cornering brake control), Crash Sensor - activates hazard / interior lighting + unlocks doors, Driver seatbelt warning indicator, Driver / Front Passenger airbags, DSC +, Dynamic brake control, Dynamic Traction Control - DTC, Front seatbelt
force limiters, Front seatbelt pretensioner, Front side airbags, Hill start assist, ITS head airbags
for front / rear, Tyre pressure monitor, Warning triangle and first aid kit, Drive away door locking, Electronic immobiliser, Remote central locking, Remote control Thatcham category 1 alarm, Diesel particulate filter, Drive Performance Control, Sports function on gearbox with steering wheel mounted gearshift paddles, Run flat tyres
Automatic tailgate opening, BMW emergency call, BMW Online services, BMW remote services, BMW teleservices, Brake pad wear indicator warning light, Check control system, Door / boot open warning, Front / rear Parking distance control, iDrive controller and display with 6.5» monitor, Lights on warning, Oil temperature gauge, On board computer, Outside temperature display, Real time traffic information, Run flat indicator, Service interval indicator, Stop / start button, Bluetooth audio streaming, BMW professional radio / CD / MP3, DAB Digital radio, 2 speed adjustable intermittent wipers with wash / wipe function, Auto dimming rear view mirror, Body colour bumpers, Body colour door handles, Body colour roof mouldings, Chrome kidney grille with black
vertical slats, Dual chrome exhaust, Electric adjustable heated door mirrors, Electric front and rear windows with fingertip open / close + anti-trap all round, Follow me home headlights, Headlight range control, Heated windscreen washer jets, High gloss black finish B pillar, LED daytime running lights, LED front fog lights, LED tail lights, Rain sensor including auto headlights activation, Windscreen with grey shadeband, 12V sockets in front centre console and passenger footwell, 4 grab handles, Anthracite Velour floor mats, Dual zone climate control, Folding front centre armrest with storage compartment, Folding storage compartment with glasses holder + coin tray, Front cupholders x 2, Front door storage with bottle holder, Front head restraints, Front sports seats with electric side bolster adjustment, Front / rear armrests within door panels, Glovebox with lid, Heated front seats, Integrated rear head restraints, ISOFIX child seat preparation + airbag deactivation, Lashing eyelets in boot, Leather gearknob, Leather handbrake grip, Reach + rake adjustable steering column, Rear centre armrest with 2 cupholders, Toolkit located in luggage compartment, Welcome lighting, Extended lights package - 4 Series, 3 point seatbelts on all seats, ABS / EBD, Automatic Stability Control (ASC), Brake assist, Brake energy regeneration, CBC -(Cornering brake control), Crash Sensor - activates hazard / interior lighting + unlocks doors, Driver seatbelt warning indicator, Driver / Front Passenger airbags, DSC +, Dynamic brake control, Dynamic Traction Control - DTC, Front passenger airbag deactivation, Front seatbelt
force limiters, Front seatbelt pretensioner, Front side airbags, Hill start assist, ITS head airbags
for front / rear, Side impact protection, Tyre pressure monitor, Warning triangle and first aid kit, Central locking including fuel filler and boot, Drive away door locking, Electronic immobiliser, Remote control Thatcham category 1 alarm, Diesel particulate filter, Drive Performance Control, Electronic differential lock, Sports function on gearbox with steering wheel mounted gearshift paddles, Run flat tyres
It allows
for changes in
vertical loads, and hence optimizes control of braking
force the instant load returns to the tires after jumping a crest.
Automatic tailgate opening, BMW emergency call, BMW Online services, BMW teleservices, Brake pad wear indicator warning light, Check control system, Door / boot open warning, Front / rear Parking distance control, Lights on warning, Oil temperature gauge, On board computer, Outside temperature display, Run flat indicator, Service interval indicator, Stop / start button, Bluetooth audio streaming, BMW professional radio / CD / MP3, DAB Digital radio, 2 speed adjustable intermittent wipers with wash / wipe function, Auto dimming rear view mirror, Body colour bumpers, Body colour door handles, Body colour door mirrors, Body colour roof mouldings, Chrome kidney grille with black
vertical slats, Door sill finishers, Dual chrome exhaust, Electric adjustable heated door mirrors, Electric front and rear windows with fingertip open / close + anti-trap all round, Follow me home headlights, Headlight range control, Heat insulating tinted glass, Heated windscreen washer jets, High gloss shadow line, LED daytime running lights, LED front fog lights, LED tail lights, M aerodynamic bodystyling, Rain sensor including auto headlights activation, Windscreen with grey shadeband, 12V sockets in front centre console and passenger footwell, 3 spoke leather M multifunction sports steering wheel, 4 grab handles, Anthracite headlining, Anthracite Velour floor mats, Dual zone climate control, Folding front centre armrest with storage compartment, Folding storage compartment with glasses holder + coin tray, Front cupholders x 2, Front door storage with bottle holder, Front head restraints, Front sports seats with electric side bolster adjustment, Front / rear armrests within door panels, Glovebox with lid, Heated front seats, Integrated rear head restraints, ISOFIX child seat preparation + airbag deactivation, Lashing eyelets in boot, Leather gearknob, Leather handbrake grip, Reach + rake adjustable steering column, Rear centre armrest with 2 cupholders, Toolkit located in luggage compartment, Welcome lighting, Extended lights package - 4 Series, 3 point seatbelts on all seats, ABS / EBD, Automatic Stability Control (ASC), Brake assist, CBC -(Cornering brake control), Crash Sensor - activates hazard / interior lighting + unlocks doors, Driver seatbelt warning indicator, Driver / Front Passenger airbags, DSC +, Dynamic brake control, Dynamic Traction Control - DTC, Front seatbelt
force limiters, Front seatbelt pretensioner, Front side airbags, Hill start assist, ITS head airbags
for front / rear, Side impact protection, Tyre pressure monitor, Warning triangle and first aid kit, Drive away door locking, Electronic immobiliser, Remote central locking, Remote control Thatcham category 1 alarm, Diesel particulate filter, Drive Performance Control, Electronic differential lock, Sports function on gearbox with steering wheel mounted gearshift paddles, Run flat tyres
BMW emergency call, BMW teleservices, Brake pad wear indicator warning light, Check control system, Cruise control with brake function, Door / boot open warning, Lights on warning, Oil temperature gauge, On board computer, Outside temperature display, Run flat indicator, Service interval indicator, Stop / start button, Auxiliary point
for auxiliary devices, Bluetooth audio streaming, BMW professional radio / CD / MP3, DAB Digital radio, 2 speed adjustable intermittent wipers with wash / wipe function, Auto dimming rear view mirror, Body colour bumpers, Body colour door handles, Body colour door mirrors, Body colour roof mouldings, Chrome kidney grille with black
vertical slats, Daytime running lights, Door sill finishers, Dual chrome exhaust, Electric front and rear windows with fingertip open / close + anti-trap all round, Follow me home headlights, Front fog lights, Headlight washers, Heat insulating tinted glass, Heated windscreen washer jets, Rain sensor including auto headlights activation, Windscreen with grey shadeband, 12V sockets in front centre console and passenger footwell, 3 spoke leather multifunction sports steering wheel, Anthracite Velour floor mats, Dakota leather upholstery, Dual zone climate control, Electrically adjustable front seats - driver seat with memory, Front cupholders x 2, Front door storage with bottle holder, Front head restraints, Front / rear armrests within door panels, Glovebox with lid, Heated front seats, Height adjustable front seats, Integrated rear head restraints, ISOFIX child seat preparation + airbag deactivation, Lashing eyelets in boot, Leather gearknob and handbrake lever, Reach + rake adjustable steering column, Rear centre armrest, Storage compartment behind rear seat, Storage compartment in rear centre console, Storage compartment in rear seat base, Sunvisors with vanity mirrors, Toolkit located in luggage compartment, Extended lights package - 4 Series, ABS / EBD, Automatic Stability Control (ASC), CBC -(Cornering brake control), Crash Sensor - activates hazard / interior lighting + unlocks doors, Driver seatbelt warning indicator, Driver / Front Passenger airbags, DSC +, Dynamic brake control, Dynamic Traction Control - DTC, Front passenger airbag deactivation, Front seatbelt
force limiters, Front seatbelt pretensioner, Front side airbags, Hill start assist, Roll over protection, Tyre pressure monitor, Warning triangle and first aid kit, Drive away door locking, Electronic immobiliser, Remote central locking, Remote control Thatcham category 1 alarm, Drive Performance Control, Run flat tyres
That said, there are two visual elements I'd like to adjust in the Kindle app, but can't: There's no control
for tweaking line spacing (the
vertical height between successive rows of text), and there's no option to disable
forced justification.
The muscular
forces transferred from the thigh muscles to the lower leg utilise the kneecap as a pulley system, and if these
forces are not completely
vertical, there is a tendency
for a pull on the patella to the medial or inner side of the knee, which causes the instability.
The
vertical shoot»em up Sky
Force was originally released
for Symbian - operated smartphones in 2004.
Battle in the
vertical environments of the Underhive, use raised walkways to push a high ground advantage, set traps
for unwitting victims, and ambush your foes to
force them into bloody melee engagements.
Originally executed
for Baxter Travenol Laboratories» newly built corporate headquarters in Deerfield, Illinois, Valentine had conceived of two immense
vertical columns standing side by side, but because of architectural modifications (the ceiling in the company's reception area was lowered at a late stage of construction), Valentine was
forced to install the two slabs on their sides.
In this case, there has been an identification of a host of small issues (and, in truth, there are always small issues in any complex field) that have involved the fidelity of the observations (the spatial coverage, the corrections
for known biases), the fidelity of the models (issues with the
forcings, examinations of the variability in ocean
vertical transports etc.), and the coherence of the model - data comparisons.
There also should be a
vertical line indicating when the
forcing adjusted hindcast ends and where the forecast begins
for this figure.
First,
for changing just CO2
forcing (or CH4, etc, or
for a non-GHE
forcing, such as a change in incident solar radiation, volcanic aerosols, etc.), there will be other GHE radiative «
forcings» (feedbacks, though in the context of measuring their radiative effect, they can be described as having radiative
forcings of x W / m2 per change in surface T), such as water vapor feedback, LW cloud feedback, and also, because GHE depends on the
vertical temperature distribution, the lapse rate feedback (this generally refers to the tropospheric lapse rate, though changes in the position of the tropopause and changes in the stratospheric temperature could also be considered lapse - rate feedbacks
for forcing at TOA;
forcing at the tropopause with stratospheric adjustment takes some of that into account; sensitivity to
forcing at the tropopause with stratospheric adjustment will generally be different from sensitivity to
forcing without stratospheric adjustment and both will generally be different from
forcing at TOA before stratospheric adjustment;
forcing at TOA after stratospehric adjustment is identical to
forcing at the tropopause after stratospheric adjustment).
The hydrostatic equation is the
vertical component of the momentum equation (Newton's equation of motion)
for the fluid parcel when the
forces are in perfect balance and the net acceleration = 0.»
For higher stability, there's a stronger restoring
force on any
vertical displacement of air (assuming no latent heating occurs), which speeds up the motion associated with the wave causing the wave to propagate faster (i.e. faster phase speed).
Since there are virtually no temperature changes in Lake Tanganyika, there are no driving
forces for vertical currents.
The corresponding working quasilinear wave equation
for the barotropic azonal stream function Ψm ′ of the
forced waves with m = 6, 7, and 8 (m waves) with nonzero right - hand side (
forcing + eddy friction) yields (34) u˜ ∂ ∂ x (∂ 2Ψm ′ ∂ x2 + ∂ 2Ψm ′ ∂ y2) + β˜ ∂ Ψm ′ ∂ x = 2Ω sin ϕ cos2 ϕT˜u˜ ∂ Tm ′ ∂ x − 2Ω sin ϕcos2 ϕHκu˜ ∂ hor, m ∂ x − (kha2 + kzH2)(∂ 2Ψm ′ ∂ x2 + ∂ 2Ψm ′ ∂ y2), [S3] where x = aλ and y = a ln -LSB-(1 + sin ϕ) / cos ϕ] are the coordinates of the Mercator projection of Earth's sphere, with λ as the longitude, H is the characteristic value of the atmospheric density
vertical scale, T˜ is a constant reference temperature at the EBL, Tm ′ is the m component of azonal temperature at this level, u˜ = u ¯ / cos ϕ, κ is the ratio of the zonally averaged module of the geostrophic wind at the top of the PBL to that at the EBL (53), hor, m is the m component of the large - scale orography height, and kh and kz are the horizontal and
vertical eddy diffusion coefficients.
This was because they only had the, now outdated, Clausius statement which physicists now realise is only strictly correct
for heat transfers in a horizontal plane, not
for conduction, diffusion and convection in a
vertical plane when subjected to the
force of gravity.
Winds and waves are the major
forcing factors
for vertical mixing; the degree of mixing depends on the
vertical density structure.
Compared to, say, CO2 change, the stratospheric O3
forcing is not global in extent, being very small in the tropics and increasing from mid - to high latitudes; the O3
forcing also differs in its
vertical structure, since the radiative
forcings for CO2 change in both the troposphere and surface are of the same sign (WMO, 1986).
This is further substantiated by Christiansen (1999) who shows that the higher climate sensitivity
for upper stratospheric O3 losses relative to lower stratospheric depletion is related to the
vertical partitioning of the
forcing, in particular the relative roles of short - wave and long - wave radiation in the surface - troposphere system.
However, even without the actual results from the models
for the past 30 years, I think we can surmise that driven by changes in anthropogenic
forcings alone, the models simulations of the past 30 years would be trending in a similar direction as the model projections
for the future, that is,
vertical stability and wind shear should be increasing, at least over the tropical Atlantic.
Those waves dominate the
vertical velocity field in the mixed layer (vortex Rossby waves) and below the first hundred meters (near inertial waves) and they are responsible
for the differences in the
vertical transport properties under the various
forcing fields as quantified by frequency spectra,
vertical velocity profiles and
vertical dispersion of Lagrangian tracers.
The set - up of the numerical experiments suggests that the temporal resolution of the atmospheric
forcing field is responsible
for the significant increase in
vertical velocities, in agreement with previous studies (Danioux et al., 2008; Komori et al., 2008).
It needs to be expanded to account
for the
vertical and regional structure of radiative
forcing and also
for nonradiative climate
forcings.
When the domain is
forced by monthly winds, the
vertical velocities over flat bathymetry are extremely small most of the time; however, in simulations
forced by daily and six - hourly winds and heat fluxes, the magnitude of the
vertical velocities is several times larger than
for monthly winds throughout the water column.
For a given percentage change in the
vertical structure of ozone, the largest dependence of the radiative
forcing is in the upper troposphere and ozone layer regions (e.g., TAR, Figure 6.1).