Sentences with phrase «force per unit»

out books from the force per unit area of your noesis with subject matter.

Pressure is force per unit area and work, which has units of energy is defined as force times distance.

Nevertheless, it is important to note that measuring PCSA allows a better estimate of muscle fiber specific tension in vivo than ACSA, as changes in pennation angle obscure the underlying force per unit area within the muscle (Morse et al. 2008).

This rapid deceleration causes a large and fast strain (change in relative length) to occur in the adductor muscles as well as a very high stress (force per unit area).

They can generate about six times more force per unit area than mammalian skeletal muscle can, and are also incredibly lightweight; a 2.6 - gram muscle can lift a 3 - kilogram object, which is the equivalent of a mallard duck lifting a car.

Just as our weight puts pressure on the ground beneath our feet, the weight of the atmosphere above us exerts pressure on the planet's surface and everything located on it (recall that pressure is defined as force per unit surface).

Radiative effects of surface - observed cloud cover anomalies, called «cloud cover radiative forcing (CCRF) anomalies,» are estimated based on a linear relationship to climatological cloud radiative forcing per unit cloud cover.

«The proportionality of warming to cumulative emissions depends in part on a cancellation of the saturation of carbon sinks with increasing cumulative emissions (leading to a larger airborne fraction of cumulative emissions for higher emissions) and the logarithmic dependence of radiative forcing on atmospheric CO2 concentration [leading to a smaller increase in radiative forcing per unit increase in atmospheric CO2 at higher CO2 concentrations; Matthews et al. (2009)-RSB-.

The range of uncertainty in the radiative forcings can be isolated from the uncertainties in the simulated sulphate loadings by considering the range in the normalised radiative forcing i.e., the radiative forcing per unit mass of sulphate aerosol (e.g., Nemesure et al., 1995; Pilinis et al., 1995).

Not exact matches

Forces, for instance, are then measured in units of kilogram - meters per second squared, called newtons, whose abstract dimensions accordingly are [M][L] 2 [T].

The Forced Marriage Unit handles approximately 5,000 enquiries and 400 cases per year concerning young British nationals at risk of being forced into marriage oveForced Marriage Unit handles approximately 5,000 enquiries and 400 cases per year concerning young British nationals at risk of being forced into marriage oveforced into marriage overseas.

«As individual units small businesses may appear to be small, but together they account for as much as 50 per cent of Nigeria's GDP and over 80 per cent of our labour force.

A few SRI scientists started searching for a motion - generating material that resembled natural muscle in terms of force, stroke (linear displacement) and strain (displacement per unit length or area).

(page 4): «The solar forced run exhibits a larger precipitation response per degree of warming than the CO2 forced run, as expected from the theory outlined earlier in this section, even though the precipitation response [note: this must be the temperature response] per unit forcing is smaller than for CO2.»

Where «dT» is the change in the Earth's average surface temperature, «λ» is the climate sensitivity, usually with units in Kelvin or degrees Celsius per Watts per square meter (°C / [W - m - 2]-RRB-, and «dF» is the radiative forcing.

Where «dT» is the change in the Earth's average surface temperature, «λ» is the climate sensitivity, usually with units in Kelvin or degrees Celsius per Watts per square meter (°C / [W m - 2]-RRB-, and «dF» is the radiative forcing, which is discussed in further detail in the Advanced rebuttal to the «CO2 effect is weak» argument.

Rather, in such cases, force production is greater per unit cross-sectional area.

Greater bodyweight, lower body fat percentage, greater type IIA muscle fiber proportion, and greater force producing ability per unit muscle cross-sectional area are all associated with superior Olympic weightlifting ability among Olympic weightlifters.

Muscle quality, defined as maximal force production per unit of muscle mass, may be a better indicator of muscle function than strength alone [5].

As action potentials increase towards around 30 — 40 pulses per second, the muscle fibers associated with the motor unit reach a state of tetanus, which is where they no longer have time to relax after producing force before the next MAP arrives.

For the # 16,430 SEAT it's a diesel's high thermal efficiency, allowing an official 61.4 «combined» mpg and 123g / km (diesel produces more CO2 per volume unit burnt than petrol does), while for the # 20,660 Volkswagen it's the use of forced induction on a downsized engine resulting in official figures of 42.8 mpg and 154g / km.

Sure, the per unit cost may be lower, but that does you no good if it forces you to eat more than you normally would or if you have to scrape the last 25 % into the garbage.

In the real world, power does not mean that one can order other people around — power means force intensity, measured in units like watts per square meter or equivalent 1 kiloton explosions (on the order of 10,000 per hurricane).

Therefore the unit for the sensitivity is the number of degrees per each unit of forcing i.e. °C / (W / m2).

A band with optical thickess per unit gas decaying exponentially away from a peak: Assuming the peak is saturated at some level within the atmopshere and there are no other absorbers in the same band of wavelengths above that level, increasing the concentration of that gas will result in at least an instantaneous cooling forcing of the layer above (not necessarily all of the layer, but the instantaneous forcing on the layer as a whole will be negative).

Nonetheless, there is a tendency for similar equilibrium climate sensitivity ECS, especially using a Charney ECS defined as equilibrium global time average surface temperature change per unit tropopause - level forcing with stratospheric adjustment, for different types of forcings (CO2, CH4, solar) if the forcings are not too idiosyncratic.

I never asserted that sensitivity in terms of equilibrium time - average surface temperature change per unit change in TOA or even tropopause - level forcing (with or without stratospheric adjustment) would be the same for each type of forcing for each climatic state and the external forcings that maintain it (or for that matter, for each of those different of forcings (TOA vs tropopause, etc.) with everything held constant.

The efficacy of a forcing is the climate sensitivity (in terms of global average surface temperature change per unit global average RF) of that forcing relative to a standard type of forcing.

For example, if the Earth got cold enough, the encroachment of snow and ice toward low latitudes (where they have more sunlight to reflect per unit area), depending on the meridional temperature gradient, could become a runaway feedback — any little forcing that causes some cooling will cause an expansion of snow and ice toward lower latitudes sufficient to cause so much cooling that the process never reaches a new equilibrium — until the snow and ice reach the equator from both sides, at which point there is no more area for snow and ice to expand into.

Thus, for a sufficiently small change in CSD, double that change will result in approximately double the change in intensity at every angle, and thus the same applies to the change in flux per unit area; thus the radiative forcing is linearly proportional to changes in CSD for sufficiently small changes.

One can consider net PR+CR as a response to externally - imposed RF (external forcing) plus feedback «RF», or one can consider PR + CR — feedback «RF» as the response to the externally imposed RF; the later is perhaps more helpful in picturing the time evolution toward equilibrium (and illustrates why the time it takes for an imbalance, equal to: externally imposed RF — climate dependent terms (PR + CR — feedback «RF»), to decay is proportional to both heat capacity and climate sensitivity (defined per unit externally imposed RF).

(PS we are considering the climate sensitivity to be in terms of changes in global - time average surface temperature per unit global - time average radiative forcing, though one could also define other sensitivities for other measures of climate).

(page 4): «The solar forced run exhibits a larger precipitation response per degree of warming than the CO2 forced run, as expected from the theory outlined earlier in this section, even though the precipitation response [note: this must be the temperature response] per unit forcing is smaller than for CO2.»

I like the definition of climate sensitivity as «change in surface temperature per unit change in radiative forcing».

So if the system has less energy than average, it would be more efficient at storing energy and the change in enthalpy per unit forcing would be greater than at steady state.

You conclude that the present rate of increase in forcing is 2 to 3x the average rate over 55 years of 0.39 W / m ^ 2 (per unit area of the world ocean), as estimated by Leviticus et al..

The problem is ∆ T = λ ∆ Q quantifies climate sensitivity as units of temperature per units of «forcing» power.

Where «dT» is the change in the Earth's average surface temperature, «λ» is the climate sensitivity, usually with units in Kelvin or degrees Celsius per Watts per square meter (°C / [W / m2]-RRB-, and «dF» is the radiative forcing.

Typically, radiative forcing is quantified at the tropopause in units of watts per square meter of the Earth's surface.»

Given a forcing in units of Joules per second, acting on a mass with a heat capacity in units of Kelvin per Joule, the result of integration over time will be temperature in Kelvin.

You can substitute your own numbers; if the forcing is more efficient at putting heat into the system per unit warming then you can have a larger internal component before you flip the sign of the heat uptake.

It is described by Here, a1 is a fixed heat capacity, which we approximate as the effective heat capacity per unit area of a 75 m ocean mixed layer; a3 corresponds to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 levels causing a forcing of 3.74 W m − 2; and C0 is the pre-industrial concentration of CO2 [30]; a0 and a2 are both able to vary, and control the climate sensitivity, and rate of advection of heat through the thermocline, respectively.

This relationship determines that in hydrostatic equilibrium any work — w ∂ pi / ∂ z performed by the vertical partial pressure gradient per unit time per unit atmospheric volume is compensated exactly by the work — wγiρg performed by the force of gravity that acts on a corresponding molar share γi of the air mass (here w is vertical velocity).

``... the per - unit - length strength of Jupiter's tidal forces at the Sun is at most about 3 millionths of the same measure of the Moon's tidal forces on the Earth.»

But, keep in mind, the per - unit - length strength of Jupiter's tidal forces at the Sun is at most about 3 millionths of the same measure of the Moon's tidal forces on the Earth.

Climate sensitivity (S) is the equilibrium global surface temperature change (ΔTeq) in response to a specified unit forcing after the planet has come back to energy balance, 5.1 i.e. climate sensitivity is the eventual (equilibrium) global temperature change per unit forcing.

Another consideration in devising metrics for nonradiative forcings is enabling direct comparison with radiative forcings, computed in units of watts per square meter.

[1] Typically, radiative forcing is quantified at the tropopause in units of watts per square meter of the Earth's surface.

The radiative forcing would then seem to be 2.163 times the primary energy (and then less if you have oceanic uptake, etc.), except that the ratio has a unit, per year.

Where «dT» is the change in the Earth's average surface temperature, «λ» is the climate sensitivity, usually with units in Kelvin or degrees Celsius per Watts per square meter (°C / [W - m - 2]-RRB-, and «dF» is the radiative forcing.