Sentences with phrase «formation during embryonic development»

Both fish and land animals possess clusters of Hoxa and Hoxd genes, which are necessary for both fin and limb formation during embryonic development.

Not exact matches

In experiments on zebrafish, Freiburg researchers have demonstrated that the same proteins that lead to the formation of metastases in humans also cause the cells to migrate during embryonic development.

Scientists have focused for decades on the role of biochemical cues in embryonic development, Campàs said, because no techniques existed to measure the mechanical cues that cells are exposed to during the formation of tissues and organs.

Researchers at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, have learned that the molecule Notch, critical in many processes during embryonic development, is also involved in fear memory formation.

The researchers also identified new links between aggressive meningioma proliferation and activation of an intercellular signaling pathway called Wnt — which typically plays a role during embryonic development and tissue formation.

Moreover, ES cell differentiation in vitro recapitulates events that take place during early embryonic development including the formation of the three germ layers of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, and the emergence of endothelial, hematopoietic, cardiac, neuronal and hepatic or pancreatic cells [8], [9].

For example, clusters containing genes that are upregulated during the course of ES cell differentiation (Table 3) include in order of time of expression: cluster 30 that represents genes which take part in the formation of the three embryonic germ layers during gastrulation, i.e., Goosecoid, Cerberus like 1 homolog, Wnt3, Mesp1, Mixl1, mEomes and Even - skipped 1; cluster 15 containing molecular regulators of early mesoderm development including Bmp2, Bmp5, Msx1, Msx2, Cripto, Tbx20, Hey2, Smad6, Vegfr2 (Kdr), Foxf1 and Hand1; cluster 20, which comprises regulatory and structural genes linked to hemopoiesis such as Gata1, Nfe2, Klf1, Tie1, hemoglobins (Hba - x, Hbb - b1) and Glycophorin A; cluster 12, which is rich in genes involved in cardiac development, e.g., Mef2c, Myl4, cardiac Troponin T2, Tropomodulin 1, myosin binding protein C, Bves, Angiopoietin 1 and Angiopoietin 2; and, cluster 4, which consists mostly of genes associated with neuronal development and differentiation, for example, Neurog1, Neurog2, Olig2, Nkx6.1, Neurod4, Pou3f2, Pou3f4, Cacna2d3, Cacng4, Kcnq2 and EphA5.

In a similar manner, the induction of hematopoietic (cluster 20, day 3.5 +4 = E7.5) and cardiovascular - specific (cluster 12, 3.5 +5 = E8.5) genes follows the chronological order of the appearance of blood islands and the formation of the heart tube during embryonic development [50], [51].

Taking into account that ES cells are isolated at embryonic day 3.5 post fertilization, the sequential appearance of genes specific for gastrulation, mesoderm formation, hemopoiesis, cardiopoiesis and neurogenesis during ES cell differentiation follows the timing of comparable developmental stages in embryonic development.