Between the world of rocks and a world of people, there has been a series of «emergences» — new
forms of actuality have appeared.
Hence, the question as to whether God is indictable for the world's evil reduces to the question as to whether the positive values enjoyed by the higher
forms of actuality are worth the risk of the negative values, the sufferings.
That is why Aristotle is not forced to suppose that his forms transcend the actuality of the world: they are
the forms of actualities in the world that actually are.
Not exact matches
At the same time, the event in its symbolic
form expresses a contrast or pattern
of contrasts between concrete
actuality and relevant
forms of potentiality.
Whitehead thus emphasizes the transcendence
of forms in a way that prevents him from treating them only as
forms of entities — at least, entities
of the world's
actuality.30 A strictly Aristotelian exposition
of the «ontological principle,» according to which all
forms are situated in the world's
actuality, is thereby excluded.
But Whitehead goes decisively beyond every previous
form of the Aristotelian conception
of unity when he posits, at least as a genuine potentiality in every «actual entity,» what in the human person manifests itself as «spirit» in its full
actuality.
Thus for Whitehead the «eternal objects,» or pure «
forms of definiteness,» as such, precisely do not constitute
actuality.
What is the significance for the problem
of form of this dynamic, but non-evolutionary, Aristotelian view
of natural
actuality?
Since the time
of Plato and Aristotle, the problems
of potentiality and
actuality,
of reality and ideality, meet in the problem
of form.
But with this the Aristotelian equivalence
of form with
actuality and
of matter with potentiality now seems to fail altogether, yes even to shift into its opposite.
This traditional
form of faith is the product
of a divided consciousness: it can only know redemption as a reconciliation with an Other lying beyond itself, and must experience the
actuality of the present as a world merely awaiting its transfiguration.
Insofar as «
form,» thus understood as a real ground, brings a natural entity, or more exactly, its «matter,» to its requisite definiteness, it must be regarded as the ground
of the
actuality of the entity.
Surely it is more than a mere accident that Whitehead so conceives the «
actuality»
of his actual entities in such a way as to fit the Aristotelian sense
of energeia and entelecheia, both
of which are rendered by the Latin actus and its derivative
forms.
In the place
of a potential matter we have an actual creativity as the ground
of the unity
of the world's
actuality, and the determination or
form that belongs to the individual entities is interpreted as potentiality instead
of as
actuality.
The realm
of possibilities transcends any particular
actuality not only insofar as the latter is open to new possibilities, but also insofar as particular
actuality is itself only one
of the many possible
forms of its own actualization.
A contemporary faith that opens itself to the
actuality of the death
of God in our history as the historical realization
of the dawning
of the Kingdom
of God can know the spiritual emptiness
of our time as the consequence in human experience
of God's self - annihilation in Christ, even while recovering in a new and universal
form the apocalyptic faith
of the primitive Christian.
The religious insight is the grasp
of truth: that the order
of the world, the value
of the world in its whole and in its parts, the beauty
of the world, the zest
of life, and the mastery
of evil, are all bound up together — not accidentally, but by reason
of this truth: that the universe exhibits a creativity with infinite freedom, and a realm
of forms with infinite possibilities; but that this creativity and these
forms together are impotent to achieve
actuality apart from the complete ideal harmony, which is God.61
The major
form of beauty presupposes this but aims beyond the mere achievement
of actuality toward greater richness and intensity
of feelings.
Even though the objectifications, as early phases, make up the
actuality of the newly arising entity, they must at the same time be regarded as potentialities insofar as the
form of their ultimate incorporation into the new entity is not yet fully determined, and will experience its determination only in the process
of concrescence.
Only when the passion
of Jesus has been consummated in the epiphany
of the death
of God in the concrete
actuality of history does God himself appear in his apocalyptic
form as a dying Satan:
All that need be included are not the
forms but the aspect
of the
forms pertaining to
actualities.5
They are precisely those encounters with
actualities and potentialities that
form the basis
of all experience.
For example, a nexus is repeated if, and only if, its constituent
actualities are repeated; also, if an
actuality is repeated, then at least some element
of its subjective
form is also repeated.
Its
actuality is founded on the infinitude
of its conceptual appetition, and its
form of process is derived from the fusion
of this appetition with the data received from the world - process.
At this point the
actualities themselves
form a mere multiplicity, but the interrelatedness
of the associated
forms brings them into a natural unity.
The subjective
form in a particular actual entity, he tells us, unlike the abstract eternal object, is an «element in the private definiteness
of that
actuality» (PR 444), and the subjective
form can not be torn apart from its particular subject without becoming a mere universal (PR 354, 356).
A basic global fundamental is the number zero (0) as merely a place holder which, truly describes the «
actuality»
of something as only «reduced» (in whatever
form) from its existing «place.»
(before religion or science) Therefore, the monotheistic code / pattern to the life cycle
of water that never ceases to exist but only changes into one
of its three energy determined
forms is a valid example
of the «perfectly infinite» (oxymoron term)
actuality of «matter» / «Hope» /» God.»
The justification for any relevance extending beyond
actuality would have to depend upon the internal relatedness
of the eternal objects ordered as a realm, The occasion incorporates these new elements in
forming its «ideal
of itself by reference to eternal principles
of valuation.»
«Eternal objects» are potentialities, which as
forms of determination can enter into the becoming
of actual entities and without which
actuality is impossible.
Moreover, it receives a great many different ways
of feeling, as it feels the feelings
of a multiplicity
of past
actualities, and it must synthesize all these into one final subjective
form, the one final attitude it adopts towards its world (cf. AI 327).
... prehension is a radically one - way dependence
of an
actuality upon «antecedent» conditions, that is, temporally prior
actualities prehending is a
form of including, whereby reality is enriched, «increased» in multiplicity
of factors.
Numerical unity is an abstract (i.e., it eliminates aspects
of actuality)
form of quantity that tends to infect any statement, because every sentence requires a subject that thereby purports to have an individual status that it may or may not.
In one sense, every occasion
of experience enjoys some freedom in
forming itself into whatever it becomes in its moment
of actuality.
Form: This is, as said above, the principle
of actuality in existing things.
But in the thought
of St Thomas,
form is not - as you claim it is - «pure
actuality».
Matter is the principle
of potentiality in actually existing things,
form being the principle
of actuality.
5To simplify the following analysis, I shall assume (with Whitehead) that prehension is the only
form of causal influence between
actualities and that all eternal objects are uncreated and hence definite.
He elaborates on this doctrine in his article, «
Form and Actuality»: «The objectification of actualities... is effected by f
Form and
Actuality»: «The objectification
of actualities... is effected by
formform.
Speaking
of objectification, Leclerc states: «The
form is the objectified
actuality, and the objectified
actuality is the
form» (RW 18Sf.
With regard to our continuing reality, he draws a distinction between»... retained
actuality and reality in the
form of further actualization.
In
actuality, groups often
form and act on behalf
of the best interest
of the group.
Yet the nexus itself coexists with them and constitutes their unity as a new ontological
actuality, a unified field
of activity with a determinate character or common element
of form.
In the theology
of Charles Hartshorne, the primordial nature (PN)
of God is that determinable potentiality which underlies the
actuality of the world that has already been realized in a determinate
form.
As we have observed earlier, it is difficult to conceive
of a
form of transcendent reality that could be more in our midst or nearer to the
actuality we now experience.
But such an abstraction or formlessness
of energy and life is the equivalent
of the «Pure Act» concept
of God, an
actuality that has realized every possible
form.
Accordingly, the primary experience
of receiving with emotional and purposive subjective
form the causal influence
of other
actualities tends to be only dimly illuminated in consciousness precisely because it is primary.
This divine element, as the ground for the entry
of the
forms, justifies the general Aristotelian principle that all entities, including the
forms, depend for their existence upon
actualities.
Possibility and
actuality do not differ in essence but in being; how could there from this difference be
formed a synthesis constituting necessity, which is not a determination
of being but a determination
of essence, since it is the essence
of the necessary to be.
As Thomas Aquinas repeatedly mentions, «to know» means, as a first approximation, that a being is not just itself as this determinate
actuality, but also is another, that is, by holding in itself other «
forms,» purely as
forms, without at the same time itself having the real being that normally attaches to those
forms.7 In this perspective, «knowing» expresses the possession
of a multiplicity
of forms that extends beyond the formal existence
of the knower and includes
forms that the knower in reality is not.