Sentences with phrase «free electrons in»

It's called cathodic protection, and works by providing free electrons in the form of an electric current.

The uncertainty is mainly due to free electrons in the spiral arms of the Milky Way (present between us and the Galactic center) which are scattering radio waves from Sgr A * and strongly distorting the intrinsic geometry of the source.

«If Earth's core consisted only of iron, the free electrons in the iron could handle the heat transport by themselves, without the need for any convection currents,» says Karsten Held.

Free electrons in galaxy clusters distort the radiation, casting «shadows» in the background radiation that astrophysicists have already used to identify previously unknown galaxy clusters.

Plasmonic interferometers make use of the interaction between light and surface plasmon polaritons, density waves created when light energy rattles free electrons in a metal.

Solar activity usually tends to increase the rate of ionization in the atmosphere and thus the density of free electrons in the ionosphere or to move electrons to the polar caps.

Their real breakthrough, however, is discovering the use of an intermediate dielectric coating (hafnium) to block the quenching of the free electrons in the metal by the CNTs, allowing the nanotubes to function uninhibited.

The free electrons in both BP and gold nanoparticles are then transferred into the LTO semiconductor, where they act as an electric current for water splitting.

Dr. Nicholas X. Fang, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at MIT and co-principal investigator of the project, said «We are very excited that this MIT - Masdar Institute collaboration has led to new insights in the emerging field of plasmonics, which quantify the interactions between the electromagnetic field and free electrons in a metal.

Of course, freeing electrons in a copper - oxide insulator to get superconducting current flowing for useful applications won't be quite as easy as melting ice to get liquid water or removing pieces from a chessboard.

Not exact matches

In recognition of his research contributions, he has been named a Fellow of the American Physical Society and was awarded the 2007 International Free - electron Laser Prize.

For those who enjoy chemistry: Free radicals are an unpaired electron in orbit around the nucleus of an atom.

In an effort to stabilize themselves, they rush through our body, stealing an electron from an unsuspecting healthy cell nearby which in turn will become a free radicaIn an effort to stabilize themselves, they rush through our body, stealing an electron from an unsuspecting healthy cell nearby which in turn will become a free radicain turn will become a free radical.

In our body, antioxidants like the ones in this blueberry, pomegranate and lemon popsicle neutralize the free radicals by donating an electron and in turn become oxidized themselveIn our body, antioxidants like the ones in this blueberry, pomegranate and lemon popsicle neutralize the free radicals by donating an electron and in turn become oxidized themselvein this blueberry, pomegranate and lemon popsicle neutralize the free radicals by donating an electron and in turn become oxidized themselvein turn become oxidized themselves.

And just a side note, during the day, he works in a lab developing new technologies in free - electron generation for some tbd application and in a external heat engine design to change the world's power generation methodology.

There are basically two types of lines, those produced by collisions between the atoms or ions and the electrons in the surrounding gas, which are called collision lines, and which are very bright for elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and neon, and lines which are produced when ions capture free electrons, which are called recombination lines, and which are bright only for those gases with the highest abundances in the interstellar medium: hydrogen and helium.

A new free electron laser facility will probe aerosols in smog.

The gamma rays strip electrons from the molecules in the surrounding air, and the resulting free electrons lose energy and readily attach to oxygen molecules to create elevated levels of negatively charged oxygen ions around the radioactive materials.

«The data are highly relevant to studies using free - electron lasers, because they show in detail what happens when radiation damage is produced.»

Observing this ultra-fast dynamic process is highly significant to the analysis of complex molecules in so - called X-ray free - electron lasers (XFEL) such as the LCLS in California and the European XFEL, which is now going into service on the outskirts of Hamburg.

The more intense a laser is, the easier should it be to ionise the atom — in other words, to tear the electrons away from the attracting electric field of their nucleus and free them into space.

Since the 1980s, many experiments have tried to confirm the hypothesis advanced by the theorist Walter Henneberger: an electron can be placed in a dual state that is neither free nor bound.

«Researchers have placed an electron in a dual state — neither freed nor bound — thus confirming a hypothesis from the 1970s.»

«We thus wanted to know if, after the electrons are freed from their atoms, it is still possible to trap them in the laser and force them to stay near the nucleus, as the hypothesis of Walter Henneberger suggests,» he adds.

In this case, he was testing the idea that a buildup of cellular damage caused by oxidation — technically, the chemical removal of electrons from a molecule by highly reactive compounds, such as free radicals — is the main mechanism behind aging.

In the study published in Nature Physics, they were able to carefully follow, one x-ray at a time, the decay of nuclei in a perfect crystal after excitation with a flash of x-rays from the world's strongest pulsed source, the SACLA x-ray free electron laser in Harima, JapaIn the study published in Nature Physics, they were able to carefully follow, one x-ray at a time, the decay of nuclei in a perfect crystal after excitation with a flash of x-rays from the world's strongest pulsed source, the SACLA x-ray free electron laser in Harima, Japain Nature Physics, they were able to carefully follow, one x-ray at a time, the decay of nuclei in a perfect crystal after excitation with a flash of x-rays from the world's strongest pulsed source, the SACLA x-ray free electron laser in Harima, Japain a perfect crystal after excitation with a flash of x-rays from the world's strongest pulsed source, the SACLA x-ray free electron laser in Harima, Japain Harima, Japan.

The research team headed by Prof. Jochen Küpper of the Hamburg Center for Free - Electron Laser Science (CFEL) choreographed a kind of molecular ballet in the X-ray beam.

In this theory, a Lewis acid is any chemical species that attracts free electron pairs.

Free radicals are chemicals with unpaired electrons — their rampant reactivity comes from the urgent need for the lone electrons to find partners in another molecule.

The range of the measurement depth can be determined by measuring a physical quantity called the inelastic mean free path (IMFP), which defines how far an electron can travel in a material while retaining its original energy level in a statistical sense.

Unlike superconducting metal alloys, which must remain within a few degrees of absolute zero in order to display their resistance - free electron flow, high - Tc superconductors can operate at temperatures around 77 kelvins.

The original publication «Quantum Imaging with incoherently scattered light from a free - electron laser» was published in Nature Physics.

Now new research shows that these eruptions on the sun's surface not only send bursts of energetic particles into Earth's atmosphere causing disturbances in the magnetic field, but they may also significantly decrease the number of free electrons over large areas in the polar region of the ionosphere — the ionized part of the upper atmosphere.

Very similarly, the electrons in a strongly correlated material become free to flow when an external laser pulse forces a phase transition in their structural order.

«This is the first time an experiment has directly linked the disappearance of the density waves and their associated nanoscale crystal distortions with the emergence of universally free - flowing electrons needed for unrestricted superconductivity,» said lead author J.C. Séamus Davis, a senior physicist and Director of DOE's Center for Emergent Superconductivity at Brookhaven Lab and also a professor at both Cornell University and the St. Andrews University in Scotland.

The chemical feature that enables this suppression is a bond between two oxygen atoms — an unstable peroxide bridge that releases a tiny barrage in the form of free radicals (unpaired electrons) that can fracture parasite proteins the way an F5 twister tears apart barns.

Despite existing in a solid and being surrounded by atoms, these electrons can sometimes behave just like free electrons, albeit with an «effective mass» that may be different than the free electron mass.

The wavelength depends on the difference in energy between the free electrons and the holes.

Free electron laser's rapid - fire pulses will probe free - floating molecules in their natural habiFree electron laser's rapid - fire pulses will probe free - floating molecules in their natural habifree - floating molecules in their natural habitat.

«This polymer turns blue when photo - irradiated in the presence of certain electron donors in an oxygen - free environment,» said the scientists.

The Free Electron Laser is still in the lab, though, and probably will not be ready until after 2020.

In a semiconducting material (GaAs) there are free electrons that move within the material structure.

As part of this initiative, the CAMERA team combined efforts with Ruslan Kurta, a physicist at the European XFEL (X-ray free electron laser) facility in Germany, to analyze angular correlations from the experimental data and use CAMERA's multi-tiered iterative phasing (M - TIP) algorithm to perform the first successful 3D virus reconstructions from experimental correlations.

Elizabeth Heidrich, a PhD student at Newcastle University in England and lead author of the new study, studies microbial fuel cells — devices that generate electrical current by capturing the electrons freed as bacteria break down organic matter in wastewater.

Current models for the free electron content in the universe imply that the burst is less than 1 gigaparsec distant.

Earth's magnetic field may influence the spin of these free electrons, which birds could then detect, explains biophysicist Thorsten Ritz of the University of California at Irvine, who was not involved in the Heyers study.

Researchers simulated the environment found inside these planets by creating shock waves in plastic with an intense optical laser at the Matter in Extreme Conditions (MEC) instrument at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory's X-ray free - electron laser, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS).

The team exposed a sample of crystals, known as Buckminsterfullerene or Buckyballs, to intense light emitted from the world's first hard X-ray free electron laser (XFEL), based at Stanford University in the United States.

By 2016, Boeing is scheduled to transfer its free electron laser technology from Jefferson Laboratory and other participating labs, in order to demonstrate a 100 - kilowatt prototype that is compatible with operation on a ship.

As more stars and galaxies formed, they eventually generated enough radiation to flip hydrogen from neutral, a state in which hydrogen's electrons are bound to their nucleus, to ionized, in which the electrons are set free to recombine at random.