At ages 14 and 16,
friend deviance and externalizing behavior were assessed through self - report.
This study investigated the interactive effects of
friend deviance and reward dominance on the development of externalizing behavior of adolescents in the Child Development Project.
As expected, based on motivational balance and response modulation theories, path analysis revealed that age 14
friend deviance predicted age 16 externalizing behavior controlling for age 14 externalizing behavior.
Not exact matches
The current study examined the relations between observed normativity and
deviance during adolescents» and young adults» conversations about sex with their
friends and their individual perceptions of sexual peer norms.
To assess the amounts of normativity and
deviance during youths» interactions with their
friends while discussing sexuality - related topics, the content of the videotaped observations was transcribed verbatim and then coded.
Regarding the dyadic nature of the observed peer interactions, we expected that youths» own normativity and
deviance (actor effects) as well as their
friend's normativity and
deviance (partner effects) during the observed peer interactions would be related to their individual perceptions of sexual peer norms (H2).
As such, we were able to assess gender differences in the levels of normativity and
deviance during sexual communication with
friends, in the perceptions of sexual peer norms, and in the relation between these two (i.e., in the APIM models).
Unexpectedly, observed normativity and
deviance during sexual communication with
friends were overall not significantly related to youths» experienced peer pressure to have sex.
First, the results of the APIM (Olsen & Kenny, 2006) analyses showed that the amounts of normativity and
deviance during sexual communication with
friends were indeed related to perceived descriptive, injunctive, and risky sexual peer norms.
Second, APIM results revealed that perceptions of descriptive and injunctive norms were both related to the amounts of adolescents» and young adults» own normativity and
deviance (actor effects), as well as to their
friends» normativity and
deviance (partner effects) during the observed peer interactions.
Overall, more
deviance was related to perceiving
friends to be more sexually active, more approving of having sex, and engaging in more risky sex, whereas more normativity was related to these perceptions in the opposite direction.
Notwithstanding these limitations, the findings of the current study contribute to the theoretical understanding of how relations with peers may affect youths» behaviors, by demonstrating that the way in which adolescents and young adults talk about sexuality - related topics with their
friends (i.e., the amounts of normativity and
deviance) relates to their individual perceptions of peer norms regarding sexual behavior, which, in turn, have been found to be related to adolescents» actual sexual behavior (van de Bongardt et al., 2015).