In the pages that follow, some of the most striking images are highlighted,
all from animal cells that scientists use to understand basic cellular processes and disease.
Scientists collected snow around pawprints on the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard, melted it and used filters to identify DNA genetic material
from animal cells in the water, said Eva Bellemain, of French DNA specialist firm SPYGEN.
02 Feb 2018 — Clean meat innovators Memphis Meats has been getting a lot of attention from investors recently with billionaire businessmen Richard Branson and Bill Gates staking their claim in the pioneering company last year — and now the venture capital arm of Tyson Foods has invested in the food tech startup which lab - grows meat directly
from animal cells.
Tyson Ventures, the venture capital arm of Tyson Foods, Inc., has invested in food tech startup Memphis Meats, a leader in cultured meat produced directly
from animal cells.
Memphis Meats, which produces beef, chicken and duck directly
from animal cells without raising and slaughtering livestock or poultry, raised $ US17 million ($ 21.5 million) from investors including Cargill, Gates and billionaire Richard Branson, according to a statement on Tuesday on the San Francisco - based startup's website.
Memphis Meats, meanwhile, innovates by creating products that come
from animal cells in a lab — not live animals — to deliver a true «meaty» taste.
It has so far produced beef, chicken and duck
from animal cells.
This method is slow and laborious, and several companies are trying to develop more efficient methods in which the virus is harvested
from animal cell lines.
Not exact matches
Animal cells are cultured
from stem
cells and incubated in a «bioreactor» into tissue that can be «harvested» and formed into familiar foods like meatballs, patties, and fish sticks.
In Brooklyn, Modern Meadow, backed by $ 53 million
from investors, creates «leather» using engineered
cells rather than
animal skins.
Post, of MosaMeat, who created the first hamburger
from cultured
animal cells in 2013 with backing
from Google billionaire Brin, believes some of his competitors have set unrealistic timelines to market in part because that's what tech investors want to hear.
Cultured meat producers still have to source the first set of
cells from an
animal — even if it's just a small biopsy that doesn't require slaughter.
While startups like Impossible Foods are focused on developing plant - based alternatives to the proteins that give meat its flavor, Future Meat Technologies and Memphis Meats are trying to use
animal cells themselves to grow meat, rather than basically harvesting it
from dead
animals.
San Francisco - based Memphis Meats produces meat
from self - reproducing
cells, thereby producing meat that is an «
animal - based» product but avoiding the need to breed, raise, and slaughter huge numbers of
animals.
Rather than obtaining meat
from animals raised on environmentally destructive factory farms and slaughtered in filthy slaughterhouses, clean meat is produced by taking a small sample of
animal cells and replicating them in a culture outside of the
animal.
from these microscoptic one -
celled animals, rose the behemouths of the land and water, the dinosaurs.
That physical, chemical development,
from a simple egg to a complex
animal, in many ways is a bigger leap than the first leap
from a chemical soup to the first
cell.
To the contrary, it is more fantastic than we can imagine — hundreds of billions (trillions) of galaxies with hundreds of billions (trillions) of stars, nearly all of which have planets, some right for life; planets so hot that they rain glass; stars made of diamonds; the lineage of
animals from singled
celled organisms to the incredible variety that exists today with their unique adaptations.
The theory of societies, like modern general systems theory, pictures a world made up of societies within societies (systems within systems) That is, societies do not just line up side by side like mosaics — they form «nested hierarchies» that go
from subatomic particles through
cells to
animal bodies, or through stars to galaxies.
Thus, the transition
from instinct to reason results in the radical transformation of the
animal into man; matter as it evolves toward the
cell becomes radically transformed into living matter; and vegetative life becomes qualitatively changed into conscious life.
Biology can be designated as a science logically distinct
from physics and chemistry because its heuristic field is constituted by questions directed toward whole organisms (plants and
animals),
cells and their «achievements» rather than toward atoms and molecules as such.
It is also to recognize that all entities —
from protons through living
cells to
animals and galaxies — are formed by their relations to their environments.
This depends upon there being a brain, an arrangement of
cells in a particular part of the body which by reason of its peculiar coordination makes the given routing able to «know» in a distinctively human manner — quite different
from, although certainly continuous with, the sort of «knowing» that is possible for the higher grades of
animal life.
The evolutionary sequence
from protons, molecules,
cells, plants and
animals to people would be interpreted as an increase in complexity of experience and degree of self - determination.
(Cf. the phenomenon of the «runners» at first connected with the mother plant and then separated
from it; the fluid transition between various plants and
animals which appear to be one; the germ -
cell inside and outside the parent organism, etc.) Living forms which present what are apparently very great differences in space and time can ontologically have the same morphological principle, so that enormous differences of external form can derive
from the material substratum and chance patterns of circumstance without change of substantial form (caterpillar - chrysalis butterfly).
That is, societies do not just line up side by side like mosaics — they form «nested hierarchies» that go
from subatomic particles through
cells to
animal bodies, or through stars to galaxies.
Then he contends that the living occasions of a
cell «in abstraction
from the inorganic occasions of the
animal body» do not «form a corpuscular sub-society, so that each living occasion is a member of an enduring entity with its personal order» (PR 158).
Taking the form of a letter to Mother Nature, it began by offering brief thanks to her for «raising us
from simple self - replicating chemicals to quadrillion -
celled animals.»
The objects of his study range
from a class of molecules that have the basic self - duplicating property of living things, through
cells which suggest purely physical systems, through
animals which give increasing evidence of having minds, to human beings in whom streams of consciousness seem to involve continual choices of action, at the opposite pole
from control by impersonal laws of nature.
Where is the clear line in a progression
from (1) using
animal insulin to treat diabetes, to (2) using gene remodeling techniques to grow insulin in a host bacterium that will reproduce rapidly and
from which a plentiful supply of insulin can be harvested, to (3) genetic surgery to replace the defective gene in a person diagnosed as diabetic, to (4) genetic surgery immediately after fertilization in order to replace the defective gene and alter the germ
cells which would otherwise have transmitted the disease to one's offspring?
Another one of Campbell's studies, which he chose to omit
from his book, showed that wheat gluten can create similar results to the casein protein — suggesting that perhaps a complete amino acid profile, regardless if it's plant or
animal sourced, promotes
cell growth, and those can be healthy
cells or cancer
cells.
But what happens when so - called «clean meat» — meat grown in large bioreactors
from the
cells of an
animal — finds its way onto retail shelves?
While some still object to
cells being taken
from animals and used by scientists to grow clean meat in laboratories — and some just don't like the idea of eating a «cultured» steak created by men and women in white coats — others see the lab - grown meat revolution as key to solving the environmental crisis linked to meat eating.
Rather than obtaining meat
from animals raised on environmentally destructive factory farms and slaughtered in filthy slaughterhouses, clean meat is produced by taking a small sample of
animal cells and replicating them in a culture outside of the
animal.
Cargill, one of the largest global agricultural companies, has joined Bill Gates and other business giants to invest in a nascent technology to make meat
from self - producing
animal cells amid rising consumer demand for protein that's less reliant on feed, land and water.
The lab - grown meat — which the company calls «clean meat» — is developed
from self - reproducing
cells taken
from a chicken, with the purpose of creating a product that omnivores can't distinguish
from the real thing, but with a fraction of the considerable downsides of meat production, including environmental destruction and using agricultural land to grow
animal feed rather than crops for human consumption.
Clean meat is created by growing meat outside of an
animal from a small
cell sample, eliminating the need for factory farming and slaughter.
Alternative protein sources may include the use of by - products currently viewed as waste or the development of new protein sources
from plants, lower order
animals, or single -
cell organisms with a lower environmental impact compared with typical
animal - based protein sources.
A number of lab and
animal studies have found that healthy organic food may increase antioxidant content, helping to protect
cells from damage.
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein and your body breaks down protein
from animal and plant sources in your diet to provide the amino acids required for your
cells and your growing baby.
For therapeutic or embryo cloning, the objective is not to create adult
animals, but to extract stem
cells for research
from the cloned embryos created.
Explore how
animals have evolved an amazing variety of eyes
from early clusters of light - sensitive
cells, along with often surprising ways to use them.
Eight
animals were treated with sphincters engineered
from their own muscle and nerve
cells, eight
animals were not treated and four received a «sham» surgery.
Far
from staying put, RNA — the less famous cousin of DNA — can roam far afield, carrying information to other
cells in the body and even to other
animals
Animal cells take up carbon - 14 when they are formed, and because the decay rate of carbon - 14 is known, the time of death can be deduced
from the amount of isotope left.
The study provides a new understanding of how, billions of years ago, the complex
cell types that comprise plants, fungi, but also
animals and humans, evolved
from simple microbes.
Combing the genetic data
from a transmission study in ferrets, a team led by Thomas Friedrich, a professor of pathobiological sciences at the University of Wisconsin - Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, found that during transmission, when one
animal is infected by another through sneezing or coughing, the process of natural selection acts strongly on hemagglutinin, the structure the virus uses to attach to and infect host
cells.
Marta Monteiro and colleagues at the University of Lisbon, Portugal, studied mice protected
from the
animal equivalent of multiple sclerosis by natural killer T -
cells (NKT), a class of white blood
cell which helps to control the immune system.
In addition, compared to mice on a regular diet, brain
cells from animals in the olive oil group showed a dramatic increase in nerve
cell autophagy activation, which was ultimately responsible for the reduction in levels of amyloid plaques and phosphorylated tau.
Symbiogenesis recognizes that the mitochondria [the energy factories] in
animal, plant, and fungal
cells came
from oxygen - respiring bacteria and that chloroplasts in plants and algae — which perform photosynthesis — came
from cyanobacteria.