Sentences with phrase «from equilibrium state»

(One could complain that starting TCR from an equilibrium state, while technically not ruled out by the IPCC definition, is not as natural as spinning the model up well in advance so as to «acclimatize» the climate system to a steady 1 % / yr rise in CO2, but let's ignore than nicety for now.)

Over geological time ie the hundreds of millions of years it must balance out but with a chemical potential of components in a far from equilibrium state.

By studying how the molecule springs back, we can test basic theories of polymer physics far from the equilibrium state.

Not exact matches

11 Richard M. Noyes and Richard J. Field, «Mechanisms of Chemical Oscillators: Experimental Examples,» Accounts of Chemical Research 10 (1977), 273 - 80; Joel Keizer, «Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and the Stability of States Far from Equilibrium,» Accounts of Chemical Research 12 (1979), 243 - 49; Richard M. Noyes, «Oscillations in Homogeneous Systems,» Ber.

The process of separation, transition, and reintegration occurs in terms of the disruption of a steady state at or near equilibrium, which brings matter increasingly far from equilibrium to a point at which a «decision» is made between alternative possibilities randomly presented by its environment, resulting in its reorganization in novel emergent form.

«But some very interesting new states of matter may occur far away from equilibrium... and there are many possibilities for that in the quantum domain.

For its food, the artificial pump draws power from chemical reactions, driving molecules step - by - step from a low - energy state to a high - energy state — far away from equilibrium.

Aging itself is a system - wide movement towards chemical equilibrium (away from the highly regulated far - from - equilibrium state) and as such is an imbalance from which all living organisms suffer.

These fluctuations occur in the presence of a continuous interval of equilibrium states, ranging from a plectonemic state to a state characterized by denaturation bubbles.

Equilibrium situation between two great superpowers occurred in the twentieth century, from 1945, after the 2nd World War, until 1989, between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Artistic Director Mami Katoka explains, «The participating artists in the 21st Biennale of Sydney drawn from around the globe, have been chosen to offer a panoramic view of how opposing understandings and interpretations can come together in a state of equilibrium.

The middle equilibrium b is unstable: if the ball is displaced ever so slightly to one side or another, the displacement will accelerate until the system is in a state far from its original position.

They suggested that the transient changes in El Nino (before the deeper water tapped by upwelling has warmed) may be different from the state of El Nino after the ocean has come into equilibrium.

To understand climate change, it is necessary to know the radiative forcings that drive the climate system away from its reference equilibrium state.

Starting from an old equilbrium, a change in radiative forcing results in a radiative imbalance, which results in energy accumulation or depletion, which causes a temperature response that approahes equilibrium when the remaining imbalance approaches zero — thus the equilibrium climatic response, in the global - time average (for a time period long enough to characterize the climatic state, including externally imposed cycles (day, year) and internal variability), causes an opposite change in radiative fluxes (via Planck function)(plus convective fluxes, etc, where they occur) equal in magnitude to the sum of the (externally) imposed forcing plus any «forcings» caused by non-Planck feedbacks (in particular, climate - dependent changes in optical properties, + etc.).)

The molecules, even in the vibrational ground state are vibrating back and forth about the equilibrium value (in CO2 the primary importance is bending away from linear, back and forth).

In case of achieving the 450 Scenario, that for instance requires all industrialised nations to reduce their GHG emissions by 25 - 40 percent between 1990 and 2020, Arctic summer sea ice would recover from around 2035 - quite sharply - and establish a new equilibrium state at around 2.5 million square kilometres of ice, still a loss of almost 2 million compared to the current situation.

In a phase transition from liquid to solid, a liquid may persist in a supercooled state beyond the equilibrium threshold for solidification if there are insufficient nucleation points (e.g., impurities) to induce solidification.

The IPCC Guidelines state that natural, undisturbed forests, where still in equilibrium, should not be considered either as anthropogenic source or sink, and therefore can be excluded from national inventory calculations.

We consider the Earth without an atmosphere and calculate an temperature on the basis of a radiative equilibrium -LSB-...] Then we obtain nearly 255 K and state that the difference between this value and the mean global temperature amounts to 33 K. Unfortunately, this uniform temperature of the radiative equilibrium has nothing to do with the mean global temperature derived from observations -LSB-...] ``

I don't think the uneven warming can continue at this rate, because the atmospheric flow probably limits the temperature gradients that can develop, but for sure the transient climate is an unnatural state and far from the more even warming that would reflect the equilibrium state.

But, when it flips from one equilibrium state to another, you can re-linearize about that equilibrium, and describe perturbations from it with a linear system model.

The Second Law (with this condition quoted from Wiki) «Thermodynamic equilibrium has the greatest entropy amongst the states accessible to the system» is exactly what I talk about in the 4 page Appendix of «Planetary Surface Temperatures.

See Curry post on «Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and maximum entropy production in the Earth system» paper by Axel Kleidon (downloadable) https://judithcurry.com/2012/01/10/nonequilibrium-thermodynamics-and-maximum-entropy-production-in-the-earth-system/ «The Earth system is maintained in a unique state far from thermodynamic equilibrium, as, for instance, reflected in the high concentration of reactive oxygen in the atmosphere.

A steady - state is not a state of maximum entropy and work has to be steadily performed to keep it from relaxing towards equilibrium — dissipation.

Jump on him if his definition of LDE (Local Dynamic Equilibrium) and the physics of that state is incorrect otherwise jump on him when he finishes defining his terms and goes on from there.

I would also invite you to think about how perfect LTE could possibly be observed if it did exist; any device you use to measure the thermal radiation or the distribution of velocities or the population of excited states must itself be at a different effective temperature from the gas in question, and must absorb energy from it, disturbing the very equilibrium you are trying to observe.

You can have a system that is «far - from - equilibrium» yet it still exhibits steady - state properties.

The circular flow of heat is impossible, of course, but no net cooling occurs aside from tiny transfers of heat from the gas in or out of the wire as they come into a state of dynamic equilibrium.

Further, please explain how this model differs from the «gravito - thermal» hypotheses using the governing thermodynamic equations for the equilibrium states.

The container is left on the table for a very long time, so that its contents reach thermal equilibrium from whatever initial state they might have had.

I must confess that I fail to see how establishing that an isothermal ideal gas in static force equilibrium in a gravitational field is also a maximum entropy state of that gas is «ridiculous» — especially since I actually support the conclusion with an algebraic derivation from known and established principles — but I'm certain that you, BigWave, are more than prepared to educate me.

They prevent the atmosphere from ever coming close to thermodynamic equilibrium, that is, the ultimate state of maximal entropy.

WUWT does have really good science on it, but it has occasional craziness from a minority of people who think that evolution is just a theory, the fossil record is a sham, that all liberals support state control of the commanding heights of the economy and the idea that the Earth's climate is or has been in a state of unstable equilibrium from which a slight perturbation in the concentration of a trace gas causes the whole Earth to barrel into a terrible heat death.

Moreover, you use classical equilibrium formulation to describe a system that is far from equilibrium, because you do not have the ability to describe non-equilibrium steady states.

∂ F / ∂ g is still a modelled value and we have a «≈» not a «=» which states that the short run or transient value for the sensitivity may vary from for long run or equilibrium value.

I'm not factoring in that the rate of CO2 absorption is increasing as the differential from a 300 PPM equilibrium state.

The direction of convection (which includes diffusion and advection) when there has been previously a state of thermodynamic equilibrium (with its associated temperature gradient formed by gravity) is always in all accessible directions away from any source of new thermal energy which has disturbed the previous state of thermodynamic equilibrium.

So are you also saying that co2 has a limited effect on changing The equilibrium from one climate state to another or do you argue for something stronger, which would mean that you aren't a lukewarmer a all but a rather warmer version?

Now, when that thermodynamic equilibrium is disturbed by new incident solar energy absorbed in the troposphere, there is a propensity (as the Second Law tells us) for the state of thermodynamic equilibrium to be restored, meaning thermal energy transfers in all accessible directions (including downwards) away from the source of new energy.

The atmosphere is, at best, approximated by a nonlinear steady state far from equilibrium.

A steady state is always trying to relax towards a true equilibrium (isothermal) and requires a constant expenditure of energy, dissipation, to keep it from doing so.)

I was responding to someone who was using an equation that represents a temp differential from one equilibrium state to the next, based on additional radiative forcing.

So one can argue about whether equilibrium ever exists, but that is the basis on which the earth's predicted temperature is determined and from which is is stated that there must be a greenhouse effect.

We should believe that in spite of the fact that it does not present any input from theories of non-equilibrium thermodynamics or fluid dynamics applicable to non-equilibrium states, while the equations become exactly the equilibrium physics equations when explicit technical errors are fixed.

The equilibrium state is totally irrelevant for real physics and calculating deviations from that is pure nonsense.

The GCM are unlikely to reproduce the cycles because they start from equilibrium spin up states.

There is never a state of instantaneous radiative energy transport equilibrium at the TOA, so these assertions must refer to some kind of quasi-equilibrium, again over some as yet un-specified time period, in which there are some degrees of departure from equilibrium with both net incoming or net out - going states.

Another example: The Explorer I satellite was expected to be spin stabilized about its minor axis, but the designers» model for the equilibrium state did not take account of destabilizing torques which arise from dissipation of energy.

I didn't mention the obvious fact that you stated, that the heating will cease, when the upper atmosphere warms enough to restore the equilibrium between radiation leaving the earth and arriving from the sun.