Pääbo created it by sequencing DNA
from fragments of bone (most of it from the Vindija cave in Croatia) to get 3 billion Neanderthal base pairs essentially uncontaminated by human DNA or by microbes.
But now that increasingly powerful genomic technology can definitively identify a species
from a fragment of bone or uncover Neanderthal genes embedded in the DNA of modern humans, there is less room for debate.
Not exact matches
Creating a skull or entire skeleton
from a 3 inch
fragment of bone does not make a «record».
However,
bone fragments in sausage, metal parts
from broken - off blades or plastic pieces
of packaging and transport cases are a worse - case scenario for any food producer.
In eight years,
from 17 ancient wrecks, McKee has brought up 40 tons: a 17 - foot, 2 1/2 - ton anchor; 18 cannons; over 400 cannonballs; flintlocks, pistols and swords; gold doubloons; silver pieces -
of - eight; wine - jug, rum - bottle and china - plate
fragments; tackle blocks; pewter plates and cups; belt and shoe buckles and worn boot heels; cutlery, inkwells, figurines and religious medals; copper and silver ingots; a ton
of lead; gold rings, earrings and brooches; human teeth, beef
bones and elephant tusks.
Meet «white slime,» a slurry
of chicken part leftovers (
bone marrow,
bone fragments, cartilege, and even meat) thought to be the cause
of the outbreak and imported
from Brazil, no less.
The site provides new information about the region's sauropods, which were previously known only
from fragments of a tail
bone, a leg
bone, and a few bits
of teeth — scraps so small that researchers couldn't assign the fossils to a particular species or even estimate its size.
Researchers in Russia have unearthed the exquisitely - preserved bodies
of two cave lion cubs, an extinct species previously known only
from bones, carcass
fragments, and prehistoric art, The Siberian Times reports.
Bone fragments from a 210 - million year - old, land - dwelling reptile
from New Mexico suggest that the earliest turtles didn't have much
of a shell at all.
From a u-CT scan and an X-ray, researchers identified a fibrous dysplastic neoplasm — today, the most common form
of benign
bone tumor in humans — located on a Neandertal left rib
fragment that measured 30 mm (4 1/2 inches) long.
«The problem is that damage
from bullets and
bone fragments deep inside a junctional wound is not always visible
from outside the body, and a regular clotting agent may not be able to reach the origin
of the bleeding,» said Sydney Rooney, leader
of the biomedical engineering student team that sought to solve this problem.
The
bone fragment, which comes
from the famous archaeological cave site
of Krapina, contains by far the earliest
bone tumor ever identified in the archaeological record.
Using a biomolecular technique developed at York's BioArCh laboratory, the research team studied
bone / antler objects and
fragments of manufacturing waste
from the archaeological remains
of Ribe's old marketplace.
She and colleagues investigated samples such as a scrap
of skin
from the hand or paw
of a «Yeti» — part
of a monastic relic — and a
fragment of femur
bone from a decayed «Yeti» found in a cave on the Tibetan Plateau.
A new high - coverage DNA sequencing method reconstructs the full genome
of Denisovans — relatives to both Neandertals and humans —
from genetic
fragments in a single finger
bone
Meanwhile humans around the globe have
bones just as small or smaller than these
fragments from Palau, says William L. Jungers
of Stony Brook University, who has been studying the postcranial skeleton
of LB1.
Dr Nick Longrich,
from the Milner Centre for Evolution based in the University
of Bath's Department
of Biology & Biochemistry, studied one
of these rare fossils, a
fragment of a jaw
bone kept in the Peabody Museum at Yale University.
Charles Cohen, the chairman
of the company, explains that the compound is being tested against traditional grafts, in which surgeons bridge non-union fractures with
fragments of bone taken
from the patient's hip.
But there are no other artefacts and very few signs
of domestic activity in the chamber beyond the presence
of a charred
bone fragment possibly
from a bear or large herbivore.
Analysis
of short DNA
fragments from a pair
of samples collected in India and Bhutan matched that
of an ancient polar bear
bone.
Those two lines
of evidences led the researchers to conclude that at least some
of the
bone fragments likely came
from the skull
of a Neandertal infant.
There, the
bone fragments of large salmon, migrating
from marine water to their freshwater spawning places, were found in the Middle Palaeolithic archaeological layers, dated to around 42 to 48,000 years ago, and probably deposited by Neandertals.
The data generated
from new and innovative methods, including chemical analyses and the study
of microscopic
bone fragments, suggest that dinosaur
bones were introduced to the deposit after death.
More than 1,550
bones and
bone fragments of H. naledi have been recovered
from a cave in South Africa, the single - largest fossil hominin find made yet in Africa.
A review
of the finds
from the Troisième caverne
of Goyet combined results
from various disciplines; it identified 99 previously uncertain
bone fragments as Neanderthal
bones.
The largest
bone of the bunch was an 81 - centimeter - long
fragment of humerus, which in humans stretches
from shoulder to elbow.
Until now, the only evidence that sauropods lived in Scotland came
from a small number
of bone and teeth
fragments.
Another larger
fragment is composed
of spongy
bone originating
from the end
of a large animal's limb.
As they analyzed a pair
of 66 - to 100 - million - year - old plesiosaur skeletons found near Hokkaido, Japan, the researchers realized the fossilized
bones of the toothy, quad - flippered marine reptiles * were surrounded by fossilized shell
fragments from provannids, a type
of tiny snail.
She sat at a triage table at the head
of the mortuary assembly line, sifting human
bone fragments from building materials and animal remains, and separating unrelated parts.
By sequencing a remarkably complete genome
from a 50,000 - year - old
bone fragment of a female Neandertal found in Vindija Cave in Croatia, researchers report a new trove
of gene variants that living people outside
of Africa obtained
from Neandertals.
The scientists analyzed
fragments of collagen — a structural protein found in all animal
bones — recovered
from 48 fossils
of South American ungulate mammals Toxodon platensis and Macrauchenia patachonica.
We argue here that the Aust
bones, previously identified as those
of dinosaurs or large terrestrial archosaurs, are jaw
fragments from giant ichthyosaurs.»
Shaw and colleagues
from the British Museum, University College London, University
of Manchester and the University
of Wales studied stone tools and
bone fragments found in layers
of sediment dating back to more than 240,000 years ago until after 40,000 years ago - when Neanderthals went extinct.
The modern human ancestor who contributed genes to this particular Neanderthal individual — called the «Altai Neanderthal,» and known
from a tiny toe
bone fragment — must have migrated out
of Africa long before the migration that led Africans into Europe and Asia 60,000 years ago, the scientists say.
To that end, with the permission
of the National Museums
of Kenya, she gave them a
fragment of a 4 - million - year - old fossil
from a buffalo - like animal recovered in the excavation
of a
bone bed at Allia Bay, on the east side
of Lake Turkana.
Kahlke comments as follows: «Among others, this
bone fragment is presented as part
of the archeological study refuted by us — and it was demonstrably stolen
from our excavation in 2009.»
This
fragment of rib
bone is the only known piece
of small, portable Ice Age art showing an animal
from Britain and tells us about the movement
of people, the animals they hunted and how these people saw the world.
Treatments range
from medical treatments (I will outline these below since they are similar for all cases
of elbow dysplasia) to removing the
fragment (s) and cleaning up the adjacent
bone, through to procedures that realign the elbow joint to decrease strain / pressure on the abnormal medial compartment
of the joint (with FCPS the medial compartment
of the joint collapse resulting in further strain pressure and pain in the elbow).
Disproportionate
bone growth stemming
from genetic aberrations common to large breed dogs causes malformation
of the joint and / or loose
bone fragments whereby inflammation occurs and chronic arthritis develops.
During surgery, Dr. Coudrai removed the fractured pieces
of bone, tissue, and nasal
fragments from Einstein's bite wound.
Kepes utilised a wide spectrum
of imagery and techniques in his work, including but not limited to: geometric studies
of prisms and cones; the refractive properties
of mirrors and lenses; mechanical forms including propellers and gears; domestic objects such as fabric, sieves and string and items drawn
from the natural world, which ranged
from feathers and
bone to close - up
fragments of the human body.
The spinal cord could suffer
from a laceration if
bone fragments penetrate the spine or if it is directly cut
of another object such as in a car accident.
If the patient suffers a meningeal tear, has
bone fragments protruding
from the break or has suffered contamination
of the wound, the brain tissue may become infected at put the patient at risk
of mental impairment.