The real interesting thing of all this, is how fast earth changes
from glaciation to warm.
The last time Earth experienced a Great Dying was during a dangerous transition
from glaciation and to hothouse.
e.g. models of eustacy («worldwide change of sea level as contrasted with local diastrophic uplift or subsidence of the land») vs isostacy (glacial rebound following glaciation / melting) vs local sinking / rising
from glaciation / interglacial warming, CO2, and / or solar variations, and their causes.
«What makes climate change different from reestablishing
from a glaciation is that these northern areas are already full,» said Hellmann.
Not exact matches
The next step will be to gather more ancient samples
from before and after a major environmental change — the end of a
glaciation, for example, or the arrival of humans in the New World — to see whether any epigenetic changes correlate with the environmental transition.
Linked by a single root system, Pando consists of tens of thousands of genetically identical trees, cloned
from a sprout that emerged after the last
glaciation in southern Utah, roughly 13,000 years ago.
Puzzled by types of mollusc that abruptly disappeared
from the British fossil record, apparently in response to a
glaciation, only to reappear 2 million years later completely unchanged, he asked of Darwin: «Be so good as to explain all this in your next letter.»
«In addition, this early phase of evolutionary divergence appears to have preceded the extreme climate changes that led to Snowball Earth, a period marked by severe long - term global
glaciation that lasted
from about 720 to 635 million years ago,» Dohrmann says.
During a period of
glaciation about 660,000 years ago, Himalayan brown bears were one of the first groups to branch off and become distinct
from other brown bears, the data suggest.
Records of sea surface temperature
from oceanic sediment cores, for example, show that the magnitude of warming following several previous
glaciations are well - correlated (www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/recons.html).
The first Ediacaran to begin crawling around would have discovered a world devoid of predatory animals, with a seafloor covered either in thick bacterial mats or toxic sediment and, possibly, a climate thawing
from a worldwide
glaciation event known as «Snowball Earth.»
It is presumed to be a remnant population, descendant of an earlier invasion of magpies
from the Old World, probably prior to the last
glaciation.
Iodine Source: Seaweed, milk
from cows grazed on iodine - rich coastal soil Effects of deficiency: Blindness, mental impairment, goiter Who's at risk: People living in mountainous areas (the Rockies, the Alps, and the Andes), where iodine has been washed away by
glaciation and flooding, or in lowland regions far
from the oceans (Central Africa and Eastern Europe) Fortification options: Salt Estimated millions of people affected: 740
«The study shows that both mechanisms must have been active
from the height of
glaciation until now,» said Robert Newton, an oceanographer at Lamont - Doherty who was not involved in the research.
The only place where melting methane hydrates appear to be releasing methane to the atmosphere is on the Siberian margin, where hydrates associated with the permafrost relict
from the last
glaciation release methane to the shallow water column of the shelf waters.
From the onset of northern - hemisphere
glaciation (about 3 million years ago) to the «mid-Pleistocene transition» (about 800,000 years ago), glacial advance and retreat follows a strong 41,000 - year cycle, which has led to its being called «the 41 ky world» (Raymo & Nisancioglu 2003, Paleoceanography, 18, 1011).
«Hotspot of biodiversity as a characteristic of the Balkans was put forward by biogeographers to indicate that most of the plant and animal species that repopulated the continent after
glaciations came
from the Balkans,» Roksandic explained.
Timing and depositional environments of a Middle Pleistocene
glaciation of northeast England: New evidence
from Warren House Gill, County Durham.
During
glaciation, water was taken
from the oceans to form the ice at high latitudes, thus global sea level drops by about 120 meters, exposing the continental shelves and forming land - bridges between land - masses for animals to migrate.
Unless I'm missing something obvious, I don't see how one can extrapolate or estimate current climate sensitivity
from the amount of temperature change to the solar forcing change that ocurred
from last
glaciation to the present interglacial period.
On the other hand, during those periods between widespread
glaciation, the water had melted
from the ice sheets and polar areas, flowed, back into the oceans and sea level was as high or higher than now.
I'm a fish geneticist so I won't bother commenting on «paleo - ocean current - ology», but it seems to me that
glaciation would result in a reduction of fresh water inputs to the North Atlantic (during the ice age) and would therefore be quite different
from the mechanism in question (which is related to early phases of global warming).
The only place where melting methane hydrates appear to be releasing methane to the atmosphere is on the Siberian margin, where hydrates associated with the permafrost relict
from the last
glaciation release methane to the shallow water column of the shelf waters.
It is to be noted here that there is no necessary contradiction between forecast expectations of (a) some renewed (or continuation of) slight cooling of world climate for a few decades to come, e.g.,
from volcanic or solar activity variations; (b) an abrupt warming due to the effect of increasing carbon dioxide, lasting some centuries until fossil fuels are exhausted and a while thereafter; and this followed in turn by (c) a
glaciation lasting (like the previous ones) for many thousands of years.»
First, there is very little in the way of archaeological data about cvilzations during the transition
from the last
glaciation to the Holocene.
Be thankful that the we are insulated
from the huge volume of cold waters that comprise the ocean, because if it ever became far more mixed with the surface layers we would plunge into permanent
glaciation.
So, if some of these ideas on termination of
glaciations are correct (ice - sheet temperature, ocean circulation and CO2), and all of these are omitted
from the current model, it leaves open the possibility that a more comprehensive model would get a different result.
The glaciological community has for decades harbored the widespread belief that the thermal evolution of the ice sheet, and the effect of this evolution on ice flow, are central in the ice - age cycling (not all communities agree, but there is plenty of literature on this
from the land - ice crowd), so use of a temperature - independent rheology for the ice leaves out one favored explanation for termination of extensive
glaciation.
I think if it's handy to have a faux - factor for ocean heat gain % age then it's either
from sea water melt / freeze temperature or the average ocean temperature during previous
glaciation.
Humanity «rose»
from the onset of this current period of recurring
glaciations ~ 3 Million years ago, and
from the above site (**): -[«During the last warm spell, 125,000 years ago, the seas were about 18 feet higher than they are today.
Jim D You still have not explained why you are working so hard to avoid warming and thus to encourage a return
from the current warm interglacial period back down to the full
glaciation temperatures.
The second clue is that Northern Hemisphere
glaciation intensified between 3.1 and 2.5 million years ago, thanks to all the moisture delivered to the far north via evaporation
from a more vigorous Gulf Stream.
C: Datasets suggesting a drying environment at 2.5 Ma, shown by λ 18O
from benthic foraminifera, a proxy for global temperature, smoothed with a Gaussian window of 200 ky; eustatic sea level; and magnetic susceptibility, a proxy for ice rafted debris and Northern Hemisphere
glaciation.
Is it
from the depths of the last
glaciation?
The
glaciations and interglacials are themselves a major deviation
from the «normal» Hot House condition of the planet.
The conclusion that timely anthropogenic CO2 emissions have rescued the biosphere
from a long term glacial slide down to dangerously low photosynthesis - stopping CO2 levels (that were approached during the recent Wisconsin
glaciation) is based on multiple independent lines of evidence and the vast body of peer - reviewed science.
For instance during
glaciation there have been influenced by two causes: cooling surface waters dissolve more CO2
from atmosphere and a colder climate makes CO2 emitting
from biosphere to increase, in which the dissolving of CO2 to sea surface wins the emission of CO2
from biosphere to atmosphere.
«The extrapolar
glaciation of the Earth will be decaying at rapid, catastrophic rates — its total area will shrink
from 500,000 to 100,000 km & sup2; by the year 2350.
Now that those «few hundred years» are «gone»
from the «stick», one wonders how many MORE «committee meetings» it will take to «remove the rest»... The «drop» into the present» 3 million year» long period of recurring
glaciations was sufficiently «drastic» to «reduce» bio-forms that evolved within the previous ~ 200 Million year «Primary Peak» climate behavior.
The three lines are: (1) the beginning: the Khirthar transgression and the onset of neritic carbonate accumulation in the Bartonian Age (preceding onset of the Middle Eocene climatic optimum [MECO]-RRB-; (2) the midlife change (Bartonian - Priabonian transition): the shift
from carbonate - rich to carbonate - poor, higher - nutrient environments under estuarine circulation, causing widespread dysaerobia culminating in opaline silicas; and (3) the Eocene - Oligocene = Priabonian - Rupelian boundary and
glaciation during oxygen isotope event Oi - 1, with return of improved ventilation in neritic environments and resumption of carbonate accumulation.
Much of Miller's work has been the articulation of Late Holocene
glaciation, up to and including its relative maximum in the Little Ice Age,
from which numerous Baffin Island locations are still emerging in his recent study.
So have you boffins managed to sort out whether the CO2 released
from the pursuit of the good life can warm the planet sufficiently to overmatch the natural tendency toward
glaciation?
North - south oscillations of greater amplitude associated with Dansgaard - Oeschger events are evident in oxygenisotope data
from the Wurm - Wisconsin
glaciation [15].
Natural variability and
glaciation with much colder temperatures are proven major climatic problems
from the geological record.
It is of primary importance to explain that climate change, and subsequent periods of
glaciation, resulting
from the following three variables is not due to the total amount of solar energy reaching Earth.
Assuming a full - glacial temperature lapse rate of -6 °C / 1000m, depression of mean annual temperature in glaciated alpine areas was ca 5.4 ± 0.8 °C; it is similar to values of temperature depression (5 - 6.4 °C) for the last
glaciation obtained
from various terrestrial sites, but contrasts with tropical sea - surface temperature estimates that are only 1 - 3 °C cooler than present.
-- these aren't contradictory results, they're (
from different hemispheres,
from different
glaciations,
from different species,
from different ice cores,
from....
The stuff
from the mid-Pliocene appears to be frantic efforts to find a correspondence with
glaciation.
Based on my study of Milankovitch cycles, the next major
glaciation of the current ice age isn't really due quite some time — anywhere
from 20,000 to 50,000 years
from now.
In 1974 when the Club of Rome formulated it, the consensus was that global cooling (due to dust and pollution
from natural volcanic eruptions and
from industry) was screening out sunlight, and we were in for runaway
glaciation and a new ice age.