It seemed so obvious that if fairly small changes in development, which adjusted the timing and concentrations of growth and signaling factors, could have led to the evolution of birds
from nonavian dinosaurs, we could readjust those changes in development and get a dinosaur from a chick embryo.
To estimate the avian timetree with genomic - scale data, we used first and second codon positions
from 1156 clock - like exon genes (which do not strongly exhibit the above protein - coding compositional bias), calibrated with 19 conservatively chosen avian fossils (plus
nonavian outgroups) as minimum bounds for lineage ages (with a maximum - bound age constraint of 99.6 Ma for Neornithes), in a Bayesian autocorrelated relaxed clock method using MCMCTREE (77) on the fixed ExaML TENT topology (SM12).