An index used in many climate change detection studies is global mean surface temperature, either as estimated from the instrumental record of the last 140 years, or
from palaeo - reconstructions.
From a palaeo perspective the Atlantic circulation seems to be pretty robust to changes in meltwater production.
A new paper by Levermann et al. in PNAS uses the record of past rates of sea level rise
from palaeo archives and numerical computer models to understand how much sea level rise we can expect per degree of warming in the future.
Not exact matches
«Thus, both
palaeo - anthropological and genetic evidence increasingly points to multiregional origins of anatomically modern humans in Africa, i.e. Homo sapiens did not originate in one place in Africa, but might have evolved
from older forms in several places on the continent with gene flow between groups
from different places,» says Carina Schlebusch.
The
Palaeo - Anthropological Scientific Trust (PAST), launched with donations
from mining giants Anglo American and De Beers, among others, hopes to attract regular funds
from big business to support a range of activities,
from excavations and exploration to the training of
palaeo - anthropologists and encouragement of «archaeo - tourism» to South Africa's spectacular cave sites.
``... the three researchers write that they «provide experimental support for suggestions and simulation studies predicting that reductions in CO2 alone could have led to loss of tree cover in grassy environments in the last glacial (Bond et al., 2003; Harrison and Prentice, 2003),» and they say that «the large increases in CO2
from industrial emissions over the last century would now favor trees at the expense of grasses,» which conclusion is supported by
palaeo - records that indicate that «trees disappeared
from current savanna sites in South Africa during the Last Glacial Maximum (Scott, 1999), re-appeared in the Holocene, and have rapidly increased over the last half century,»... Read More
But what this also means is that
palaeo climatology has to start all over again,
from scratch and that is even before 1830 and the observations of Louis Agassiz about Ice ages.
A basic example would be sea level, it takes time to melt ice at a certain temperature, so therefore any measurement of
palaeo - sea level would be offset
from the period of warmth with which it is related, as the ice that would melt
from such warmth would take a certain period of time to then effect the sea level (and then effect other proxies such as corals, and so on).
In a paper in Nature this week, scientists present
palaeo - oceanographic evidence that deep convection of surface waters in the North Atlantic — the engine that keeps the AMOC in constant motion — began to decline as early as around 1850, probably owing to increased freshwater influx
from Arctic ice that had melted at the end of a relatively cold period called the Little Ice Age (D. J. R. Thornalley et al..