The cost of backfilling hundreds of «missing» wind megawatts, by importing coal - fired power from Victoria, running gas - fired OCGTs, reciprocating diesel engined generators and Jay Weatherill's 276 MW diesel -
fuelled Open Cycle Turbines (that chew up 80,000 litres of diesel every hour) is staggering: Wind «Powered» South Australia Pays $ 14,000 per MWh for Power that Coal - Fired Plants Can Deliver for $ 50
Not exact matches
The work, published in Science, not only
opens the door to expand the use of one of the most efficient energy sources on the planet, but also adds a key step in completing the nuclear
fuel cycle — an advance, along with wind and solar, that could help power the world's energy needs cleanly for the future.
The article, published recently in
Open Chemistry may lead to the development of a process to remove uranium from wastewater at the front - end of the nuclear
fuel cycle, or even extracting natural uranium from sea water.
He added: «Our work also
opened up the speculative possibility that some planets might have fossil -
fuel - driven
cycles of civilization building and collapse.
«For example,» said Clark, «Used
fuel, which is currently disposed of in the United States after a single use in a reactor in what is called an
open fuel cycle, would be reprocessed to extract out a significant fraction of re-useable uranium.
Regardless of
fuel system design, a mechanical diesel
fuel injection system and rapid rise of
fuel pressure and flow will result in injection nozzle
opening pressure being reached more rapidly and also earlier in the 4 - stroke
cycle with more precise
fuel delivery, more precise injection timing and built - in timing advance.
Moving to the Atkinson
cycle means the intake valves are held
open for a bit longer as the intake stage moves to the combustion stage, which improves combustion efficiency and, therefore,
fuel efficiency.
This Lexus ES 300 features the following options: Warning / indicator lights - inc: battery, oil level, seat belt, brake, airbags, engine, oil pressure, low
fuel, door
open, high beam, hazard, cruise control, headlights - on, tire slippage, Vehicle theft deterrent & immobilizer system, Variable intermittent windshield wipers w / mist
cycle, Traction control, Tool kit, Tilt steering wheel, Stainless steel exhaust w / chrome tip, Retractable passenger assist grips - inc: (2) rear, (2) front, Retractable coat hooks, and Retained accessory pwr.
Innovative Dual VVT - iW TechnologyOptimising torque throughout the engine rev range and allowing the engine to start in the Otto
cycle and yet run in the more
fuel efficient Atkinson
cycle, the new Lexus turbo features innovative dual variable valve timing technology which adopts VVT - i to the exhaust valves and VVT - iW to the intake valves, but also delivers wide
open throttle performance.
The Atkinson -
cycle modification to Ford's in - line four - cylinder engine trades power and torque for efficiency by keeping the intake valves
open slightly into the compression stroke, allowing some of the
fuel - air mixture back into the intake manifold and thereby lowering the effective displacement of the engine.
Like the
fuel - sipping Prius, the Atkinson
cycle conserves
fuel by lowering the compression ratio by keeping the intake valve
open for a split second at the first of the combustion stroke.
Atkinson
cycle engines leave their intake valves
open longer than does a conventional engine, allowing a more complete
fuel burn.
It provides a 0 - 100 kmh time of just 7.8 seconds, yet its official
fuel consumption is as low as 4.6 litres per 100 km on the
open road
cycle and with a combined
fuel figure of 5.8 litres per 100 km, it is as all but an economy car, something also illustrated by its CO2 figure of 134 gm per km.
The use of Atkinson
cycle, too, reduces the V6's
fuel appetite, particularly in cold climates or during wide -
open throttle (WOT) situations.
The only real sign that we were asking it to perform hard was its displayed
fuel consumption figure, which was running at 7.1 L / 100 km after 90 minutes of driving on the
open road — a fair way off its stated 4.7 L / 100 km combined -
cycle consumption figure.
Other fossil -
fuel replacements occasionally touted in print or on the Web include nuclear fission, subcritical thorium fission, high - altitude wind power, enhanced geothermal, hot dry (or hot fractured) rock geothermal, wave power, tidal power,
open -
cycle ocean thermal energy conversion, and advanced biorefinery products like 2,5 - dimethylfuran, various other furans and furfurals.
Fossil
fuel consumption rates will slowly diminish over the coming decades as fossil
fuels are gradually depleted, and the resultant atmospheric and oceanic CO2 is predicted by IPCC modelers to END glaciation
cycles and thus, to
open much of Canada and Siberia to greatly improved agriculture and forestry.
Factors taken into account are: low thermal efficiency at low power;
cycling of back up generators; energy needed to build and to install wind turbines; energy needed for cabling and net adaptation; increase of
fuel consumption through partial replacement of efficient generators by low - efficiency, fast reacting
Open Cycle Gas Turbines.