Sentences with phrase «gas phase»

In the absence of an external atmospheric pressure, the warming of water ice transforms it into directly into gas phase rather than liquid.

Salt does make methane more mobile, and allows gas phase transport of methane within the deposit.

Finally the equal or higher abundances toward low mass young stellar objects compared with high mass objects and the correlation studies support this formation pathway as well, but not the two competing theories: formation from CH3OH and formation in gas phase with subsequent freeze - out.

However, significant uncertainties remain in quantitatively describing new particle formation from gas phase H2SO4 and MSA, especially given the recently recognized role of amines (4, 5).

This led some scientists to assume that, under atmospherically relevant conditions of high RH, these particles would become less viscous and evaporate nearly instantaneously, therefore retaining equilibrium with gas phase.

A prominent role of gas is evidenced showing the largest effectiveness of doping by O2 and de-doping by H2O in gas phase as contrasted to liquid.

These theoretical studies firmly establish that the mechanism of gas phase MSA formation is occurring via hydrogen abstraction from organics by the CH3S (O)(O) O • radical.

P1 can then be assigned to gas phase Ar.

Model - predicted gas phase DMS concentrations (ppb) at 08:00 h, 12:00 h, 16:00 h, and 20:00 h with sulfur fossil fuel emissions, boundary conditions, and initial conditions for SO2 and H2SO4 set to zero.

Fig. 2C shows contours for gas phase MSA formed in the DMS oxidation.

Using tools built at EMSL, including SPLAT II, the team showed that in all cases, evaporation rates are orders of magnitude slower than assumed, and way too slow to retain equilibrium with the rapidly changing gas phase.

Measurements of gas phase OSCs were made using high - resolution time - of - flight proton transfer mass spectrometry (PTR - ToF - MS 8000, Ionicon Analytik)(57, 58) and gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (Hewlett Packard 6890) of air samples collected in electropolished stainless steel canisters (59).

Model - predicted gas phase H2SO4 and MSA concentrations (ppb) in the SoCAB at 8:00 h, 12:00 h, 16:00 h, and 20:00 h. (A) H2SO4 concentrations (ppb) with SO2 and H2SO4 emissions representative of 2011 — 2013.

[6] A methane clathrate MAS NMR spectrum recorded at 275 K and 3.1 MPa shows a peak for each cage type and a separate peak for gas phase methane.

Model additions include results from (i) quantum chemical calculations that clarify the previously uncertain gas phase mechanism of formation of MSA and (ii) a combination of published and experimental estimates of OSC emissions, such as those from marine, agricultural, and urban processes, which include pet waste and human breath.

This fully automated process is based on cutting edge gas phase spectroscopy and available for high end natural cork to seal ultra-premium wines...

These can be familiar solid, liquid and gas phases like water, but they can also sometimes form more unusual phases like a TI,» said co-author and physics professor Taylor Hughes.

When DMS is emitted to the atmosphere it oxidizes to gas phase sulfuric acid, which can form new aerosol particles that impact cloud albedo and, hence, cool Earth's surface.

This can actually happen when water reaches its boiling point under high pressure, where the distinction between the liquid and the compressed gas phases blurs to the point of the two being virtually indistinguishable.

Accurate gas phase abundances are derived with the most robust results being Ne / S = 7.5 and N / O = 0.43 (1.3 and 3.5 times the solar values, respectively).

This has been the mainstay of gas phase conversions of petrochemical feedstocks for decades - now it is beginning to demonstrate its worth in liquid phase synthetic chemistry.

Traditional cigarettes produce 2 classes of radicals during the smoking event — gas phase radicals and those associated with TPM.

Model - predicted gas phase SO2 and DMS concentrations (ppb) in the SoCAB at 08:00 h, 12:00 h, 16:00 h, and 20:00 h with urban, agriculture, and ocean OSCs emission sources included.

Mark Campbell, PhD (Chemical Physics, Johns Hopkins University, 1987), gas phase kinetics, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.

The domain - wide average gas phase MSA concentration is not significantly sensitive to the scenario chosen for sulfur fossil fuel emissions.

Third, although many of the individual steps have been established experimentally (18), surprisingly, the mechanism of production of MSA from OSC gas phase oxidation by hydroxyl radicals (OH, daytime) and nitrate radicals (nighttime) remains unclear (31).

Aerosol instrumentation, including Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer, Aerosol Chemical Speciation Mass Spectrometer, Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift Particle Extinction Monitor, carbon monoxide / nitrous oxide / water gas - phase monitor, carbon dioxide / methane / water gas phase monitor, and Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer

The precursors are introduced into the high - vacuum electron microscope chamber in gas phase.

with gas phase and particulate matter emission factors.

Because the technology utilizes vapor - gas phase chemistry, it is more effective than chemicals applied by wiping down surfaces, getting at bugs in cracks and crevices unreached by the wipe down.

The 3 - dimensional University of California Irvine — California Institute of Technology airshed model is used to compare atmospheric concentrations of gas phase MSA, H2SO4, and SO2 under current emissions of fossil fuel - associated SO2 and a best - case futuristic scenario with zero fossil fuel sulfur emissions.

This reaction could play an important role in explaining the observed depletion of ozone over Antarctica; it releases photolytically active chlorine from its most abundant reservoir species, and it promotes the formation of HNO3 and thus removes nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the gas phase.

In the absence of HCl, ClONO2 also reacts irreversibly with ice with a collision efficiency of ∼ 0.02 at 200 K; the product hypochlorous acid (HOCI) is released to the gas phase on a time scale of minutes.

The mantle atmosphere was a «supercritical fluid,» without distinct liquid and gas phases.

Switching to a transfer method that moves compounds from a gas phase to water produced a slight increase in volume.

The MIT team, as well as some of the other research groups, developed instruments that specifically targeted these hard - to - measure compounds, which Kroll describes as «still in the gas phase, but sticky.»

While removing iodine in the gas phase is relatively common, iodine has never been removed from water prior to the Dartmouth research.

These are produced when nicotine deposits on indoor surfaces and then is released again to the gas phase or reacts with ozone, nitrous acid and other atmospheric oxidants.

As no direct coordination via the nitrogen atom took place, the researchers assume a reaction from the gas phase with a potential activation on the ammonia molecule.

C.R.: I'm interested in how proteins interact in the gas phase.

So they're flying through the gas phase.

«Liquid crystals are a phase of matter,» Collings said, «just like the more well - known solid, liquid and gas phases.

C.R.: I think it's important because it gives us a new view on protein complexes — for example, we can look at how proteins are interacting in membranes and also in soluble compartments of cells... actually joined together... in the gas phase of the mass spectrometer.