Part of the stigma grew from the fact that vanity - published books were not vetted by
the gatekeepers at a publishing house — whether large or small — and therefore did not benefit from editing, professional cover design, typesetting, and marketing.
A snapshot from 1997: Press releases were distributed via mail or broadcast fax, media databases consisted of gigantic printed directories, self -
publishing was a curious endeavor just starting to raise eyebrows, social networking consisted of actually talking with people
at a coffee shop or cocktail reception, and the «big
houses» of
publishing were still kings and the ultimate literary
gatekeepers.