In photos, the primate mothers
gazing at their infants bear a remarkable resemblance to «Madonna and Child» paintings.
Not exact matches
Because the overnighting
infants tried to get their mother's attention and
gazed at her more often — which on the actual test is a positive sign of readiness to learn language — the study's authors concluded that the overnighting
infants were more watchful and wary about their mother's whereabouts, indicating more anxiety and insecurity.
We witness it in the eyes of our nursing
infant child as he
gazes up
at us with unquestioning faith, and again in the wild abandon with which our toddler runs and leaps into our arms, never for a moment imagining we won't be ready to catch him.
Depressed mothers
gaze less
at their
infants, rock less, are less active and show poorer responsiveness to their infants.32 Infants may be more drowsy, more distressed and fussy, look less at their mothers and engage in more self - directed acti
infants, rock less, are less active and show poorer responsiveness to their
infants.32 Infants may be more drowsy, more distressed and fussy, look less at their mothers and engage in more self - directed acti
infants.32
Infants may be more drowsy, more distressed and fussy, look less at their mothers and engage in more self - directed acti
Infants may be more drowsy, more distressed and fussy, look less
at their mothers and engage in more self - directed activity.33
She was focused on her
infant, halting the conversation many times to
gaze at her child, smile and coo, with a twinkle in her eyes that usually indicates someone besotted with love.
To find out, the researchers used eye - tracking technology to assess face scanning and
gaze following in 14 sighted
infants of blind parents
at 6 to 10 months and then again
at 12 to 16 months of age.
Mothers who breast - feed their children often describe powerful memories of
infants gazing up
at them during nursing.
Psychologists agree that the longer an
infant gazes at a scene, the more surprising they find it.
She only looked either directly
at the
infant or averted her
gaze while singing nursery rhymes.
As anticipated, the researchers found that
infants» brainwaves were more synchronised to the adults» when the adult's
gaze met the
infant's, as compared to when her
gaze was averted Interestingly, the greatest synchronising effect occurred when the adults» head was turned away but her eyes still looked directly
at the
infant.
New findings by researchers
at the Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences (I - LABS)
at the University of Washington demonstrate for the first time that an early social behavior called
gaze shifting is linked to
infants» ability to learn new language sounds.
Dr. Marno's team then measured how long the
infants gazed at the objects, without any further visual reference to the two speakers.
The study builds on earlier work by Kuhl's team, which found that babies from English - speaking households could learn Mandarin from live tutors, but not from video or audio recordings of Mandarin and from other work
at I - LABS establishing the importance of
infant eye
gaze for language learning.
Just as with the 12 - month - olds, these
infants ultimately
gazed longer
at the objects that had first been presented by the native speaker.
At the beginning and end of the four - week period, researchers counted how often the
infants shifted their eye
gaze between the tutor and the toys the tutor showed the baby.
That hypothesis would seem to be supported by the work of Ruth Feldman of Bar - Ilan University and colleagues, who in 2007 showed a correlation between the levels of oxytocin (the «love» and «bonding» hormone, which is also associated with the formation of breast milk) during pregnancy and the amount of time that mothers and
infants spent
gazing at one another.
Taking matters further, researchers have found that chimpanzee and rhesus macaque
infants and mothers spend a significant amount time
gazing at one another, looking into and recognizing each other's faces.
The researchers were surprised to find that many of the babies who had averted their
gazes and showed signs of nystagmus as
infants did not display warning signs of autism
at age 2.
In a 2010 study, cognitive psychologists Melissa Libertus and Elizabeth Brannon, then both
at Duke University, found that
infants gazed longer
at images of black circles when the number of circles changed, compared with when the quantity was always the same, as long as the ratio between the number of circles was always
at least 2 - to - 1.
That is, when an
infant first looks
at an object, smiles, and then turns that smile towards a social partner, as if the smile anticipates the
gaze.
In their longitudinal study, these authors investigated
infants» mother - directed
gaze and reactivity during the face - to - face as well as still - face episodes of the still - face paradigm, performed
at 6 months.
The main results can be summarized as follows: (1) Synchrony during early mother - child interactions has neurophysiological correlates [85] as evidenced though the study of vagal tone [78], cortisol levels [80], and skin conductance [79]; (2) Synchrony impacts
infant's cognitive processing [64], school adjustment [86], learning of word - object relations [87], naming of object wholes more than object parts [88]; and IQ [67], [89]; (3) Synchrony is correlated with and / or predicts better adaptation overall (e.g., the capacity for empathy in adolescence [89]; symbolic play and internal state speech [77]; the relation between mind - related comments and attachment security [90], [91]; and mutual initiation and mutual compliance [74], [92]-RRB-; (3) Lack of synchrony is related to
at risk individuals and / or temperamental difficulties such as home observation in identifying problem dyads [93], as well as mother - reported internalizing behaviors [94]; (4) Synchrony has been observable within several behavioral or sensorial modalities: smile strength and eye constriction [52]; tonal and temporal analysis of vocal interactions [95](although, the association between vocal interactions and synchrony differs between immigrant (lower synchrony) and non-immigrant groups [84]-RRB-; mutual
gaze [96]; and coordinated movements [37]; (5) Each partner (including the
infant) appears to play a role in restoring synchrony during interactions: children have coping behaviors for repairing interactive mismatches [97]; and
infants are able to communicate intent and to respond to the intent expressed by the mother
at the age of 2 months [98].