Sentences with phrase «gene selection for»

Figure 3C provides a representative visualization of Bt gene selection for Mouse 2 (plots for other mice are shown in Supplementary Fig S3).

Not exact matches

In many animal model systems, for example, the precise genes involved in sexual partner selection have been identified, and their neuro - biochemical pathways have been worked out in great detail.

The method identifies gene sets that show evidence for positive selection in comparison with matched controls, and thus highlights genes for further functional studies.

For instance, one admits that in much of evolution (probably all above the bacteria), evolutionary changes involve enormous numbers of genes, rather than a selection of one or two particular genes (although that occurs in a few instances, possibly, for instance, in industrial melanisFor instance, one admits that in much of evolution (probably all above the bacteria), evolutionary changes involve enormous numbers of genes, rather than a selection of one or two particular genes (although that occurs in a few instances, possibly, for instance, in industrial melanisfor instance, in industrial melanism).

During my time, more tools became available for plant breeders to transfer genes of interest and improve selection efficiency.

Such a lack of size selection also means that the genes responsible for size increase still retain a variability that holds potential for future selection.

Disease - causing viruses engage their hosts in ongoing arms races: positive selection for antiviral genes increases host fitness and survival, and viruses in turn select for mutations that counteract the antiviral host factors.

This synthetic genome, named M. genitalium JCVI - 1.0, contains all the genes of wild - type M. genitalium G37 except MG408, which was disrupted by an antibiotic marker to block pathogenicity and to allow for selection.

In a response to recommendations in the National Academies report, the organization notes two possible strategies for harnessing natural selection to incapacitate a gene drive that is diminishing a population.

We did not find any evidence for a so - called «positive selection» but instead found that many gene variants linked to schizophrenia reside in regions of the genome in which natural selection is not very effective in the first place.

So, you know, the gene sequences for hemoglobin fossilize because there was no selection pressure to keep them around and, you know, like your freezing penguins they could be victimized by the warm up.

It will produce the ultimate example of gene - culture co-evolution: our technology will change the world, and it will dramatically affect natural selection, not just for a whole range of species but for humans as well.

To test this hypothesis, an international team led by evolutionary biologist Philipp Khaitovich of the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences in China and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, set out to see how many brain - related genes implicated in schizophrenia underwent positive natural selection since humans and chimpanzees diverged from a common ancestor between 5 million and 7 million years ago.

For instance, the theory of kin selection — helping your relatives so your genes will be reproduced — can be illustrated by a formula called «Hamilton's rule,» which explains when a behavior or trait will be favored by natural selection.

«We're generating so much sequence data right now, from so many species, that it's relatively straightforward to look for signatures of selection in genes and to find good candidates for adaptations,» Montooth said.

For group selection to happen, all you need is one gene that would cause individuals to come together, and for some of them to be willing to be subordinated and become workeFor group selection to happen, all you need is one gene that would cause individuals to come together, and for some of them to be willing to be subordinated and become workefor some of them to be willing to be subordinated and become workers.

Their findings indicate that intuition and signatures of selection in gene sequence may not be enough for scientists to conclusively solve the puzzles of molecular evolution.

For one such project, the team developed a new software tool called GppFst that allows researchers to differentiate genetic drift — a neutral process whereby genes and gene sequences naturally change due to random mating within a population — from genetic variations that are indicative of evolutionary changes caused by natural selection.

This and other evidence, say study authors Svante Pbo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and his colleagues, «strongly suggest that this gene has been the target of selection during recent human evolution.»

As a result, natural selection should favor a different strategy for their genes.

If the results can be replicated in other species, it will represent a boost for the hologenome theory of evolution — the idea that the object of natural selection is not the individual organism nor even just its genes, but also those of the microbes it hosts.

For instance, genes that were deleterious only in human - Neanderthal hybrids might have existed, and sexual selection or other forms of selection against hybrids could have been very important processes during human - Neanderthal hybridization.

Its still material that natural selection can work with in the future and yeah, there are ways for genes to acquire new functions long after they've been duplicated.

«One major adaptation is a positive selection for genes involved in hypoxia response and skeletal development, similar to those expressed in other organisms in high - altitude environments such as Tibet and the Andes,» Dr Subramanian said.

As subpopulations moved into isolated areas, how did they remain isolated over a long enough time for new species - defining traits to arise in nuclear genes and become enriched by natural selection to permit speciation?

He is also concerned about China, which prohibits gene - editing of embryos but does not strictly enforce similar rules, as shown by failed attempts to curb the use of ultrasound for sex selection and to stamp out unauthorized stem - cell clinics.

The gene for these muscle transporters, called SLC2A4, also underwent natural selection in humans, but in the opposite direction.

This is unusual because invasive species with greater genetic diversity often have a greater chance at survival — a more diverse gene pool means more variety in traits of individuals for natural selection to act upon and allow the species to survive and thrive in a new area.

Our next step is to start exploring our dataset in the search of such patterns of selection, for new signatures of gene flow among chimpanzee subspecies.»

Next, the researchers scoured the Bajau genome for signs of natural selection and found 25 gene variants that seemed unique to this population.

The team reported earlier this year how natural selection favored the spread of genes for white skin, tallness, and to digest sugars in milk.

«This is a very easy target for natural selection,» Wrangham argues, because it probably does not depend on numerous mutations but rather on the tweaking of one or two regulatory genes that determine the timing of a whole cascade of developmental events.

Contraception, adoption, celibacy — if natural selection favors genes that make people be fruitful and multiply, why do we work so hard to concoct recipies for genetic suicide?

We predicted a link between gene expression evolution across species and the degree of sexual selection, but this is the first statistical evidence for it and shows how powerful sexual selection can be in leading to major changes in how a gene is expressed.»

Most simply, once these genes, or bits of DNA tied to the genes (known as markers), have been identified, molecular breeders can quickly target offspring inheriting the genes for further development, cutting breeding time and improving the crop's «genetic gain,» the generational improvements made to a crop, like increased height, by human selection.

«Since we know that plant breeders have bred for yield, we have a theory that a lot of the genes have increased in selection over time.»

Two genes that are required for the human brain to develop to its normal size show traces of recent positive selection and rapid evolution.

He argued that the fundamental unit upon which natural selection acted was not the individual but rather the gene itself, which was intrinsically selfish because it engaged in a battle against other genes for survival.

In particular, the Neandertal genome sequence can now be used to catalog changes that have become «fixed» (are invariant within a population or species) in modern humans during the last few hundred thousand years and should be helpful for identifying genes affected by positive selection since humans diverged from Neandertals.

Now researchers have discovered two new gene variants that help Tibetans use oxygen more efficiently than people who live at low altitudes; natural selection favored these variants in Tibetans, whose ancestors have lived at high altitude for thousands of years.

They recapitulate natural selection and evolution: in complex gene networks, mutations or deletions of highly linked (hub) genes lead to embryonic lethality, while mutations of weakly linked genes account for biological variability and natural selection (Oikonomou and Cluzel, 2006).

«It has historically been a challenge to understand how mating preferences for ornamental traits can evolve when every individual succeeds in getting a mate,» Stern explains, in part because the seemingly simple selection process of monogamous pairs, where mates couple up and remove themselves from the broader gene - swapping pool for good, is tricky to handle mathematically.

Gibbon genes, which have undergone a positive selection are, for example TBX5, which is required for the development of the front extremities and COL1A1, responsible for the development of the protein collagen.

The favorable genes or alleles will be tagged with molecular markers for marker - assisted selection.

I found that negative selection against new mutations and positive selection for new mutations shape broad patterns of genomic variation and that much of the genomic variation that actually affects gene expression is under negative selection.

A scan for human - specific relaxation of negative selection reveals unexpected polymorphism in proteasome genes.

At least 20 genes under positive selection in cats are associated with vision - related pathways, which fits with the importance of visual acuity for these natural - born hunters.

Oligonucleotide probe selection and synthesis — The 1,178 genes comprising the Falk Center for Molecular Therapeutics (FCMT) Rat CNS microarray were compiled from currently available NCBI / EMBL / TIGR rat sequence databases and commercially available central nervous system (CNS) microarrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) and provided representation from greater than 90 % of the major gene ontological categories [47].

A different research group recently found that the Osiris gene cluster is under strong selection in an isolated population of the fly D. yakuba that has just begun adapting to a diet of poison - laden noni, another clue that learning more about these genes may be crucial for understanding OA resistance and this compelling model of ecological adaptation.

They searched in particular for genes under positive natural selection, and put those findings in context with what we know about cats relative to other carnivores.