Sentences with phrase «gene transfer which»

Not exact matches

With respect to antibiotic resistance, this novelty can be induced and we can trace the novelty to particular mutations arising absent gene transfer; i.e. the genes which give rise the resistance were not present prior to the mutation, they are new sequences and not simply the activation of dormant genes.

The OAR proposal uses a variation of therapeutic cloning called altered nuclear transfer (ANT) in which the nucleus of a donor cell (a skin cell, for example), containing the 30,000 genes of the genetic code, is altered in such a way that it produces an epigenetic factor, a protein called nanog.

Such embryos were transferred into female goats, which produced offspring that were then tested for the presence of the newly integrated gene.

They would be created through the process of lateral gene transfer, in which microbes incorporate loose bits of genetic material from other microbes into their own.

This information may help to predict which other bacterial species might participate in this form of gene transfer, and to identify just how widespread the phenomenon is.

By following the DNA - transfer, scientists for the very first time showed an unknown mechanism called carry back in which pathogens were able to snatch genes from far - related bacteria via the carry back mechanism.

«We can't stop this gene transfer, but when you know, which resistance genes pathogens may harbor, you can personalize the antibiotic treatment.

Even distantly related bacteria can swap genes with one another using a variety of techniques, from direct cell - to - cell transfer, called conjugation, to transformation, in which a bacterium releases snippets of DNA that other bacteria pick up and use.

«They've done this by altering their genetic make - up; transferring drug - resistant genes between one another; and creating biofilms, which are multicellular communities where bacteria can be a thousand-fold more resistant to antibiotics.»

CTL119 manufacturing begins with a patient's own T cells, some of which are removed and then reprogrammed in Penn's Clinical Cell and Vaccine Production Facility with a gene transfer technique designed to teach the T cells to target and kill tumor cells.

Once transferred into the human genome, however, these alleles became subject to natural selection, which was more effective in the larger human populations and has removed these gene variants over time.

These «good» bugs can develop drug - resistant genes, which can then transfer to bad bugs.

The team's next goal was to transfer the genes for making gas vesicles from the water - dwelling bacteria into a different type of bacteria — Escherichia coli, which is commonly used in microbial therapeutics, such as probiotics.

Although in rare cases mitochondrial genes may be transferred to the nucleus of a cell, she said the IU team found no evidence to suggest this is the case in V. scurruloideum, and that further investigation will be required to reveal the exact mechanism through which the species compensates for its missing genes.

Bacteria share DNA with other organisms with which they come into contact, so an antibiotic - resistant gene can transfer from one type of bacterium to another, and a bacterial cell can become resistant to numerous antibiotics at once.

It appears to have acquired several genes that make it more pathogenic, however, probably in a process called horizontal gene transfer, by which microbes exchange bits of genetic information.

Philip John of the University of Reading explained how American researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, have successfully transferred a gene into tomatoes and lettuce which manufactures a sweet - tasting compound called monellin.

The virus transferred the blueprint of the human alpha - synuclein gene specifically into neurons of the midbrain, which then began producing large quantities of the foreign protein.

In the new research, Prins and Liau used a technique called adoptive cell transfer, which involves extracting and growing immune cells outside of the body, then reprogramming them with a gene known as New York Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, or NY - ESO - 1.

Horizontal gene transfer, by which bacteria are able to transfer genetic material to an entire population, favours the spread of resistant genes to many pathogenic bacteria.

The team also confirmed differences in mating strategies, notably that the pathogenic fungus can mate with itself, which influences gene transfer between generations and genome repair mechanisms, whereas the Quorn ™ fungus would need to find a mate.

This narrow view has been becoming overshadowed by genetic findings that support the more recent hypothesis of complex roots, which emphasizes lateral genetic exchanges or horizontal gene transfers (HGT) rather than vertical mutational progression in the development of nucleated organisms, through a clearly defined «tree of life» (Mark Buchanan, New Scientist, January 26, 2010).

These cells are easily accessible (therefore, they are the first ones used in the clinic), seemingly well suited for gene transfer, and used in practice with new genes to correct two types of severe combined immunodeficiency (which are briefly described in the book).

Adeno - associated viral (AAV) vectors are the most frequently used gene - transfer tools in the study of the brain and spinal cord, which together are known as the central nervous system (CNS).

The remaining genes provide instructions for making molecules called transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), which are chemical cousins of DNA.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), are known to be vulnerable to apoptosis upon various technical manipulation, such as single cell dissociation, freezing and thawing, etc., which hinder their use for clonal isolation in gene transfer, differentiation and FACS cell sorting.

Concerns about immunological consequences of rAAV - mediated gene transfer were substantiated by the outcome of a clinical trial in which human hemophilia B patients were infused into the liver with rAAV -2-F.

Phylogenomic analysis identifies evidence for lateral gene transfer of bacterial genes into the E. histolytica genome, the effects of which centre on expanding aspects of E. histolytica's metabolic repertoire.

Studies on horizontal gene transfer and enzymemediated DNA rearrangements lead him to postulate a theory of molecular evolution according to which nature cares actively for the promotion of biological evolution by using products of specific evolution genes as well as several intrinsic non-genetic elements.

The team at the Central Institute for Experimental Animals in Kawasaki, Japan, added a fluorescent gene to the marmoset embryos, which were then transferred into surrogate females who produced five live births.

Deletion of the TAM from a naive strain of E. coli results in a drastic time delay in folding of UshC, which can be observed for a protein from EPEC as well as for two introduced proteins from related organisms, Yersinia and Enterobacter We suggest that this models why the TAM machinery is essential for efficient folding of proteins acquired via lateral gene transfer.

This process, known as gene expression, begins with transcription, in which a molecule called messenger RNA transfers the information in DNA out of the cell's nucleus and into the cytoplasm, where it is translated into amino acids that form proteins.

In cases in which the gene has failed to be introduced or fails to be activated, the resulting child would likely be no worse off than he or she would have been without the attempted gene transfer.

The Cancer Gene Census (CGC) database contains 547 such gene across various cancer types.5 Remarkably, few driver genes having specific point mutations appear to be sufficient to rewire signalling networks in cancer, 1 which at the same time shows that — at least from the mutational side — cancer does not consist of an «infinite» number of different diseases, and in many cases treatment options targeted against driver genes might be transferred from one case to the nGene Census (CGC) database contains 547 such gene across various cancer types.5 Remarkably, few driver genes having specific point mutations appear to be sufficient to rewire signalling networks in cancer, 1 which at the same time shows that — at least from the mutational side — cancer does not consist of an «infinite» number of different diseases, and in many cases treatment options targeted against driver genes might be transferred from one case to the ngene across various cancer types.5 Remarkably, few driver genes having specific point mutations appear to be sufficient to rewire signalling networks in cancer, 1 which at the same time shows that — at least from the mutational side — cancer does not consist of an «infinite» number of different diseases, and in many cases treatment options targeted against driver genes might be transferred from one case to the next.

It is always possible that a vector will introduce the gene into a cell other than that for which it is supposed to be targeted (e.g., a spermatocytic cell) or that through a secondary mechanism target cells that have taken up the new gene will through some independent natural process (such as transfection) transfer the gene to a germline cell.

Introduced species means any species (including but not limited to any of its biological matter capable of propagation) that is non-native to the ecosystems of the Sanctuary; or any organism into which altered genetic matter, or genetic matter from another species, has been transferred in order that the host organism acquires the genetic traits of the transferred genes.