Given that tens of thousands of parasitic wasp species, each associated with a unique bracovirus, parasitize virtually all lepidopteran species, it is likely that the described phenomenon is general and that different
gene transfers occur regularly in nature.
But by investigating the DNA sequence around the resistance genes, the team figured out how the resistance
genes transfer occurred through a new mechanism named «carry back,» where the pathogen basically has a primitive form of «sex» with the Actinobacterium and takes up its resistance genes after it dies.
Not exact matches
This concern about artificially
transferring genes between kingdoms and species in a way that has never
occurred naturally is now being validated by a large body of science.
Gene transfer typically
occurs when a host bacteria passes a plasmid, a small circular DNA not part of the host genome, to another, not necessarily related bacteria, following conjugation.
But this method of gaining new DNA, termed horizontal
gene transfer, was thought to be relatively rare and to
occur only under strong pressures in the environment, such as exposure to powerful antibiotics.
University of Tsukuba researchers developed a
gene transfer system that allowed iPSC reprogramming to only
occur in the presence of KLF4, thus focusing exclusively on its role in the process.
«Naturally
occurring «GM» butterflies produced by
gene transfer of wasp - associated viruses.»
Biologist Jason Slot of Ohio State believed psychedelic mushrooms became trippy through horizontal
gene transfer, a process that
occurs when DNA from one species spreads to another.
In fact, during the long course of evolution, this gradual
transfer of genetic information into the nucleus has already
occurred with the majority of mitochondrial genome, leaving behind a mere 13 protein coding
genes within the mitochondria.