3.2.1 First -
generation biofuels include bioethanol (made from sugars and starch) and biodiesel (made from oilseeds).
Not exact matches
U.S. federal subsidies for renewable energy, which
includes biofuels as well as renewable electricity
generation, has declined by 56 percent since 2013, dipping to $ 6.7 billion in 2016.
Priority areas of focus for this Initiative may
include: energy efficiency, smart grid, second -
generation biofuels, and clean coal technologies
including carbon capture and storage; solar energy and energy efficient building and advanced battery technologies; and sustainable transportation, wind energy, and micro-hydro power.
Faster - growing root systems could allow new plants to take hold more quickly,
including perennial grasses like switchgrass and Miscanthus, which are considered viable feedstocks for next -
generation biofuel.
Catalysts are used in many processes,
including oil refining and next -
generation biofuels.
We'll also invest federal resources,
including tax incentives and government contracts, into developing next
generation biofuels.
Potential benefits and impacts of second and third
generation biofuels — preferably referred to as «advanced
biofuels» — are partially
included.
The report
includes all biomass and waste - to - energy, geothermal, and wind
generation projects of more than 1MW; all hydropower projects of between 1MW and 50MW; all wave and tidal energy projects; all
biofuel projects with a capacity of one million liters or more per year; and all solar projects, with those less than 1MW estimated separately and referred to as small - scale projects, or small distributed capacity.
Bioenergy
includes the
generation of heat or electricity from either the combustion of organic or waste materials or their conversion to
biofuels.
The president - elect is also expected to pander less to the oil industry that the prior administration, instead promoting use of renewable energy
including solar, wind, geothermal, and next
generation biofuels.
3.2 «First
generation» liquid
biofuels include biodiesel and bioethanol and are derived from various food crops that vary by geographical location, for instance cereals, rapeseed and sugar cane.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration
includes the following in U.S. primary energy production: coal production, waste coal supplied, and coal refuse recovery; crude oil and lease condensate production; natural gas plant liquids production; dry natural gas excluding supplemental gaseous fuels production; nuclear electricity net
generation (converted to Btu using the nuclear plant heat rates); conventional hydroelectricity net
generation (converted to Btu using the fossil - fuels plant heat rates); geothermal electricity net
generation (converted to Btu using the fossil - fuels plant heat rates), and geothermal heat pump energy and geothermal direct use energy; solar thermal and photovoltaic electricity net
generation (converted to Btu using the fossil - fuels plant heat rates), and solar thermal direct use energy; wind electricity net
generation (converted to Btu using the fossil - fuels plant heat rates); wood and wood - derived fuels consumption; biomass waste consumption; and
biofuels feedstock.
The most water - efficient energy sources are natural gas (though we may be just about out of it) and synthetic fuels produced by coal gasification; the least efficient are ethanol and biodiesel — the
biofuels just can't catch a break these days, can they?Water use winners and losers The research pair analyzed 11 types of energy sources,
including coal, fuel ethanol, natural gas, and oil; and five power generating methods,
including hydroelectric, fossil fuel thermoelectric, and nuclear methods; in terms of power
generation, Younos and Hill have found that geothermal and hydroelectric energy types use the least amount of water, while nuclear plants use the most.