McCallion's strategy to make sense of all this data looks at the active
genes in cells affected by a disease, groups of genes that interact with one another, their vulnerability to mutation and information from past scientific studies to filter more than a thousand gene candidates for disease risk down to just a handful within any one implicated region.
Not exact matches
In Kilgrave's case, for example, the
gene therapy would need to be done extensively until all of his millions of
affected cells were treated, something that's quite unlikely.
At best, the scientists say, there is a 50 - 50 chance that the
gene closest to a mutation will even be active
in the
cell types
affected by a disease.
He identified
gene mutations
in breast cancer
cells that
affect their ability to recognize viruses, including some mutations that would be expected to significantly increase the
cells» vulnerability to viruses implicated
in breast cancer.
Researchers then tested
cell cultures and mouse models by using a
gene editing process called CRISPR - Cas9 to demonstrate how the presence or absence of myomaker and myomerger — both individually and
in unison —
affect cell fusion and muscle formation.
In comparison with African strains, infection by the Asian strain of Zika virus more potently
affected the p53
gene and
genes connected with
cells» responses to viral infection, such as interferons.
However, microgravity can reduce
cell growth, alter
gene expression and change the pattern of root growth — all aspects which critically
affect plant cultivation
in space.
They generated an experimental model to investigate how one of the
genes commonly mutated
in blood
cells of elderly humans, TET2,
affects plaque development.
The result was the largest deletion ever observed
in the dystrophin
gene using CRISPR / Cas9, and the study was the first to create corrected human iPS
cells that could directly restore functional muscle tissue
affected by Duchenne.
The stem
cell gene therapy could be applicable for 60 percent of people with Duchenne, which
affects approximately 1
in 5,000 boys
in the U.S. and is the most common fatal childhood genetic disease.
«Our research has identified a
gene affecting another type of ischemic stroke, due to small vessel disease, and also suggests some
genes may be associated with both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and may act through a novel pathway
affecting pericytes, a type of
cell in the wall of small arteries and capillaries.
In the early 2000s,
cell biologists linked cyst formation to
gene mutations that
affect the primary cilia, hair - like projections from
cells that seem to act as sensory antennae.
The new work, published today
in Cell Reports, finds that the protein ADR - 1 binds to messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA, and then enhances RNA editing, a process that allows a
gene to be present as multiple mRNAs that can then each
affect gene expression differently.
The findings highlight specific sets of
genes and the brain
cells they
affect as being involved
in regulating anxiety.
This epigenetic alteration of
gene activity
in brain
cells that receive this neurotransmitter showed for the first time that dopamine deficiencies can
affect a variety of behavioral and physiological functions regulated
in the prefrontal cortex.
Among these is a substance, called EZH2, that
affects the expression of a wide variety of
genes, including those involved
in cell development and differentiation.
The aberrant and ongoing activation of ERVs caused an accumulation of retroviral proteins
in the
affected cells and deregulation of
genes and pathways.
Publishing
in Nature, the study reports that genetic alterations
affecting a part of the PD - L1
gene increases the production of the protein, allowing cancer
cells to escape detection by the immune system.
«By identifying the full set of
genes in each of these two
cell types, we provide detailed information that taste scientists can use to help understand how these
cells work, both when healthy and also when
affected by damage or disease.»
Publishing
in Nature, a recent study reports that genetic alterations
affecting a part of the PD - L1
gene increases the production of the protein, allowing cancer
cells to escape detection by the immune system.
The team also found five
genes in domestic cats that influence the migration of neural crest
cells, stem
cells in the developing embryo that
affect everything from skull shape to coat color.
The research suggests that reducing production of the protein, called myoferlin,
affects cancer
cells in two primary ways: by changing the activation of many
genes involved
in metastasis
in favor of normal
cell behavior, and by altering mechanical properties of cancer
cells — including their shape and ability to invade — so they are more likely to remain nested together rather than breaking away to travel to other tissues.
The work, published online this week
in the journal Nature, suggests modulation of «enhancer - directed RNAs» or «eRNAs» could provide a new way to alter
gene expression
in living
cells, perhaps
affecting the development or pathology of many diseases.
«Scientists determine structure of enzyme linked with key
cell - signaling protein: Findings aid understanding of how modifications to
cell - signaling protein
affect its action
in turning
genes on and off.»
«Because many broadly expressed
genes that play key roles
in essential cellular functions are under the control of
cell - specific enhancers, the ability to
affect enhancer function by knocking down eRNAs could potentially provide a new strategy for altering
gene expression
in vivo
in a
cell - specific manner,» said Glass, noting that
in his research, anti-sense oligonucleotides were developed
in conjunction with Isis Pharmaceuticals, which suppressed enhancer activity and reduced expression
in nearby
genes.
In one experiment, the researchers created arrays of mammary epithelial
cells and asked how adding one or more
cells expressing low levels of the cancer
gene RasG12V
affected the
cells around them.
Molecular analysis showed that heart
cells in affected animals were poorly developed and had mitochondrial defects, indicating that Sap130 - Pcdha9
gene interactions play a crucial role not only
in heart development but also
in regulating metabolic function of the cardiac muscle.
The study reveals that the mutated
gene affects a key housekeeping process that is required for removing unwanted molecules from
cells in the body.
Research from other scientists at Johns Hopkins, he says, had suggested that some tumors, particularly those that
affect the nervous system, have mutations
in the ATRX
gene, which produces proteins that appear to maintain the length of telomeres, repetitive segments of DNA on the ends of chromosomes that typically shorten each time a
cell divides.
Using novel technologies developed at HMS, the team looked at how a single sensory experience
affects gene expression
in the brain by analyzing more than 114,000 individual
cells in the mouse visual cortex before and after exposure to light.
With this type of cancer, the
genes in the white blood
cells affected change slightly, causing two chromosomes to cross.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) scientists have profiled key features of the genetic material inside three types of brain
cells and found vast differences
in the patterns of chemical modifications that
affect how the
genes in each type of neuron are regulated.
Although the biological mechanisms through which this polymorphism could
affect aging are not known, it is adjacent to two
genes called CDKN2A and CDKN2B, which play an important role
in cell cycle regulation.
«Mapping the
genes that increase lifespan: Comprehensive study finds 238
genes that
affect aging
in yeast
cells.»
In the study, which began in 2011, an adeno - associated virus vector was used to carry a functional copy of the affected gene to muscle cells in the diaphragms of nine patient
In the study, which began
in 2011, an adeno - associated virus vector was used to carry a functional copy of the affected gene to muscle cells in the diaphragms of nine patient
in 2011, an adeno - associated virus vector was used to carry a functional copy of the
affected gene to muscle
cells in the diaphragms of nine patient
in the diaphragms of nine patients.
Unlike
in tomato plants, deleting the HPAT
genes in Arabidopsis and Physcomitrella did not seem to
affect stem
cell production.
This work, led by Dr Patrick Varga - Weisz shows how chemicals produced by bacteria
in the gut from the digestion of fruit and vegetables can
affect genes in the
cells of the gut lining.
To find out how rank
affected health, the activity of 9000
genes in the animals» immune
cells was measured (Science, doi.org/btr5).
«We found polyploidy
in liver
cells did not strongly
affect the activity of some oncogenes, but it did protect against the loss of tumor suppressor
genes.
By performing DNA sequencing of more than 4,000 families
affected by neurological problems, the two research teams independently discovered that a disease marked by reduced brain size and sensory and motor defects is caused by a mutation
in a
gene called CLP1, which is known to regulate tRNA metabolism
in cells.
Scientists are beginning to understand that genetic mutations are not the sole contributors to disease development and that the way
in which
genes are arranged
in our
cells can
affect whether they function appropriately — that is, whether they are turned on or off.
In a mouse model of type 1 diabetes, RGS1 affects the population of one type of T cell called a «T follicular helper cell» that is critical for B cells and antibody production, Dr. Kissler and his colleagues reported recently in Genes and Immunit
In a mouse model of type 1 diabetes, RGS1
affects the population of one type of T
cell called a «T follicular helper
cell» that is critical for B
cells and antibody production, Dr. Kissler and his colleagues reported recently
in Genes and Immunit
in Genes and Immunity.
To see how courting is
affected when neurons are hyperactivated, they used flies with a version of a
gene that was stuck
in the «on» state
in clumps of nerve
cells.
The Arizona researchers studied whether cage conditions
affect mice with one copy of a
gene called fibulin - 4, a member of a family of
genes believed to code for proteins that stabilize the connective tissue found between
cells in arteries and other blood vessels.
In today's issue of Science Translational Medicine, he and his colleagues present a more efficient way of finding such new uses for old drugs: by bringing together data on how diseases and drugs affect the activity of the roughly 30,000 genes in a human cel
In today's issue of Science Translational Medicine, he and his colleagues present a more efficient way of finding such new uses for old drugs: by bringing together data on how diseases and drugs
affect the activity of the roughly 30,000
genes in a human cel
in a human
cell.
A region of the
gene that produces the PACAP38 protein has held nearly constant, even
in humans, presumably because the protein plays diverse roles
in neuron communication and is essential for normal development of the cerebellum,
affecting brain
cell migration, for example.
Nathaniel Hoyle of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology
in Cambridge, UK, and his team have been investigating how the time of day
affects wound healing, after they discovered that
genes in a type of skin
cell switch on and off during day - night cycles.
As a prelude to introducing
genes whose products would be therapeutically useful
in cancer, the researchers say they have successfully introduced a harmless
gene from bacteria into TILs without
affecting the behaviour of the
cells (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol 87, p 473).
Based on analyses of over 600 drug and breast cancer
cell pairings, researchers showed that, for some
cells, drug exposure can cause significant changes
in gene expression — indicating the successful action of a drug on its target — without
affecting cell growth or survival.
Osteocalcin differentially regulates beta
cell and adipocyte
gene expression and
affects the development of metabolic diseases
in wild - type mice