Sentences with word «gigapascals»

Researchers placed a speck of iron between two small conical diamonds and applied laser - beam heat and 200 gigapascals of pressure.

It forms only at pressures greater than about 24 gigapascals — ...

Those crystals would be stable only at pressures of 20 gigapascals, almost 200,000 times atmospheric pressure at sea level on Earth.

The recoil from this tiny plume creates tremendous pressures in the remaining foil — up to 300 gigapascals, which is three million times the atmospheric pressure around us and comparable to the 350 - gigapascal pressure at the center of the Earth, Nagler said.

The scientists used transmission electron microscopy to study the high - pressure environment that formed the crystals and altered the minerals around it, and determined that the composition and shapes of the inclusions inside the diamonds must have formed at high pressures (above 20 gigapascals).

It forms only at pressures greater than about 24 gigapascals — corresponding to depths between 610 and 800 kilometers, researchers report March 8 in Science.

Temperatures in the lower mantle the reach around 3,000 - 3,500 degrees Celsius and the barometer reads about 125 gigapascals, about one and a quarter million times atmospheric pressure.

The pressures were high, up to 5 GigaPascals (50,000 times the Earth's atmospheric pressure), which is the sort of pressure where you can form diamonds.

The team brought the argon - doped hydrogen up to 3.5 million times normal atmospheric pressure — or 358 gigapascals — inside a diamond anvil cell and observed its structural changes using advanced spectroscopic tools.

Millot says it took about 5 years and 300 laser shots to sketch out the phase transition across temperatures between 3000 and 20,000 kelvins and pressures between 30 and 300 gigapascals.

To create it, Silvera and Dias squeezed a tiny hydrogen sample at 495 gigapascal, or more than 71.7 million pounds - per - square inch — greater than the pressure at the center of the Earth.

And indeed, when the team subjected an alloy of aluminum called aluminum 7075 (which contains small percentages of magnesium and zinc) to the process, the metal attained a strength of 1 gigapascal, the researchers report in the current issue of Nature Communications.

Using JUQUEEN, the team was able to extend its investigation well beyond the experimentally achieved 172 Gigapascals, corresponding to 1.72 million times the Earth's atmospheric pressure, or roughly the amount of pressure the Eiffel Tower would apply by pressing down on the tip of a person's finger.

The team found that the final product (LaPt5As) was non-superconducting at a pressure of five gigapascals (GPa)(equivalent to 50,000 bars of pressure), but became superconducting at 10 GPa, only to return to a non-superconductive state at 15 GPa.

Struzhkin and team subjected single - crystal diamonds to pressures up to 600,000 times atmospheric pressure at sea level (60 gigapascals, GPa) in a diamond anvil cell and observed how electron spin and motion were affected.

With an increase in pressure, water and carbon dioxide remain stable, but at pressures above 93 gigapascals (0.93 million atmospheres) methane begins to decompose forming heavy hydrocarbons — ethane, butane, and polyethylene.

They created Ti3N4 in a cubic crystalline phase using a laser - heated diamond anvil cell, which was brought to about 740,000 times normal atmospheric pressure (74 gigapascals) and about 2,200 degrees Celsius (2,500 kelvin).

The team, including Carnegie's Qingyang Hu, Jinfu Shu, Yue Meng, Wenge Yang, and Ho - Kwang, «Dave» Mao, demonstrated that under a range from 257,000 to 523,000 times normal atmospheric pressure (26 to 53 gigapascals), a single crystal of coesite transforms into four new, co-existing crystalline phases before finally recombining into a single phase that is denser than stishovite, sometimes called post-stishovite, which is the team's fifth newly discovered phase.

When bismuth is brought to a liquid state under between 14,000 and 24,000 times normal atmospheric pressure (1.4 to 2.4 gigapascals) and at about 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit (1,250 kelvin), and is then slowly cooled back to a solid state, the solid «remembers» some of the structural motifs of its liquid predecessor.

They showed that at about 40,000 times normal atmospheric pressure (4 gigapascals), NaFe2As2 takes on the collapsed tetragonal structure.

The pair managed to turn hydrogen metallic at a pressure of 495 gigapascals, well beyond the 360 GPa of Earth's core (Science, DOI: 10.1126 / science.eaal1579).

This happens at pressures around 600,000 times Earth's atmosphere (60 gigapascals), which would be comparable to the pressure conditions found in the interior of an icy - cored planet, like Neptune or Uranus.

Using shock compression, the team identified thermodynamic signatures showing that ice melts near 5000 Kelvin (K) at 200 gigapascals (GPa — 2 million times Earth's atmosphere)-- 4000 K higher than the melting point at 0.5 megabar (Mbar) and almost the surface temperature of the sun.

But these cores formed under the weight of their planets» outer layers, under pressures of around 500 gigapascals — 5 million times atmospheric pressure on Earth — and typical temperatures of about 6,000 kelvin.

When pressure is increased to more than about 20,000 times Earth's atmosphere (2 gigapascals), this number of possible ice structures is reduced to just two — ice VII and ice VIII.

According to our findings, metallization can only take place at pressures approaching 500 gigapascal.

The CNT films made using the microcombing technique had more than twice the tensile strength of the uncombed CNT films — greater than 3 gigapascals for the microcombed material, versus less than 1.5 gigapascals for the uncombed material.

There is a pressure of hundreds of gigapascals — that is comparable to the pressure which several railway locomotives would exert if they could be balanced on one square millimetre.

(Top image caption: Siderite undergoing a spin transition at 44 gigapascals (434,000 times normal atmospheric pressure) as revealed by a visible color change that indicates the rearrangement of electrons.

Recent experiments that simulate the conditions of the lower mantle using laser - heated diamond anvil cells, at pressures between 938,000 and 997,000 times atmospheric pressure (95 and 101 gigapascals) and temperatures between 3,500 and 3,860 degrees Fahrenheit (2,200 and 2,400 Kelvin), now reveal that iron bearing perovskite is, in fact, unstable in the lower mantle.

It was previously discovered that this change, a phenomenon called a spin transition, took place between about 424,000 and 484,000 times normal atmospheric pressure (43 to 49 gigapascals).

Pressures in the lower mantle start at 237,000 times atmospheric pressure (24 gigapascals) and reach 1.3 million times atmospheric pressure (136 gigapascals) at the core - mantle boundary.

To quantify the energy change, siderite's spin transition was examined using highly sensitive spectroscopic techniques at pressures ranging from zero to about 711,000 times normal atmospheric pressure (72 gigapascals), and also revealed by a visible color change after the transition, indicating rearrangement of electrons.

The team was able to pinpoint that spin transition was occurring in iron carbonates under about 434,000 times normal atmospheric pressure (44 gigapascals), typical of the lower mantle.

Professor Pugno said: «We found that the strongest silk the spiders spun had a fracture strength up to 5.4 gigapascals (GPa), and a toughness modulus up to 1,570 joules per gram (J / g).

They found that disulfide enters a superconducting state at about -449 degrees Fahrenheit (6.2 Kelvin) at pressures ranging from about 493,000 to about 1,698,000 times normal atmospheric pressure (50 to 172 gigapascals).

[18][19] It is obtained by heating white phosphorus under high pressures (about 12,000 standard atmospheres or 1.2 gigapascals).

Temperatures at the core - mantle boundary hover around 4,000 Kelvin (6,740 degrees F, or 3,727 degrees C), and the pressure is nearly 140 gigapascals — 1.4 million times greater than standard air pressure at sea level.

That's interesting enough on its own, but it has much bigger implications — the team calculated that these diamonds could only have formed under pressure of more than 20 gigapascals.

The intense crushing heated the samples to temperatures greater than 5,000 Kelvin (8,540 degrees F, or 4,726 degrees C) and raised the pressure to 140 gigapascals.

They subjected mixtures of Na - Si to various pressures and temperature regimes and found a type of clathrate, Na8Si46, that formed at pressures ranging from 20,000 to 60,000 times atmospheric pressure (2 to 6 gigapascals, GPa) and temperatures of 1160 to 1520 °F (900 to 1100 K).