Sentences with phrase «given by the standard deviation»

For a Gaussian time series, the margin of error on a trend of length N t estimated by linear least - squares regression is a function of the magnitude of the interannual variability (given by the standard deviation σ), the lag - one autocorrelation and the trend length (Thompson et al. 2015).

Not exact matches

Previous experiments with beams and containers appeared to give sharply different neutron lifetimes, the most precise measurement using a bottle trap differs by almost four standard deviations from that measured in a beam.

In math the graduates of the University of Florida, the state's premier university, outperformed the other institutions at teaching students in fourth to eighth grade by as much as 10 percent of a standard deviation, even though NCTQ gave it no better rating than Florida State or Florida Atlantic.

> Because principals differ in the generosity and degree of variation in the ratings they give, we placed all the ratings on the same scale by subtracting from each teacher's rating the average rating given by that teacher's principal and then dividing by the principal's standard deviation.

«Extensive research shows that... valid and reliable measures of teacher effectiveness,» have yet to be generated, she says, blithely putting on ignore important work by Thomas Kane, Eric Hanushek, and Raj Chetty and his colleagues, which shows that students learn in any given year somewhere between 10 and 20 percent of a standard deviation more if they have an especially effective teacher rather than a very ineffective one.

We therefore report the estimated effects of a one standard deviation increase in the amount of competition faced by a given public school by each measure.

A simple cost calculation gives the improvements in student achievement (measured again in standard deviations) that could, by the Picus and Odden estimates of benefits, be expected for a $ 100 addition to spending per pupil from each of the separate programs.

Even as far back as 1984, he points out, a study by psychologist Benjamin Bloom showed that «students given personalized lessons performed two standard deviations better than their peers in a regular classroom.

The efficient frontier is a curve which represents all the points where for a given level of risk (as measured by standard deviation) of a portfolio you are achieving the optimal rate of return.

It will give you a dollar figure on what your portfolio stands to gain or lose by taking the standard deviation of your portfolio.

The chart shows that the annualized standard deviation of the least popular quartile was 20.18 %; the most popular quartile, by comparison, actually had a much higher annualized standard deviation of 28.35 % — suggesting that this measure of unpopularity actually gives higher returns with less risk.

For example, given that the price return of a bond is determined by the bond's duration and yield change, a bond portfolio constructed using the volatility measure of standard deviation of price return could be biased toward bonds with short duration.

In real terms, that means that maybe you give up 0.4 % in annual expected returns to lower the annual standard deviation by 1 %.

I guess there is some way to look at this this quantitatively — standard deviation of hockey stick index by variable across the rest of the parameter space or just standard deviation of the curves for a given variable (changing states)?

However, models would need to underestimate variability by factors of over two in their standard deviation to nullify detection of greenhouse gases in near - surface temperature data (Tett et al., 2002), which appears unlikely given the quality of agreement between models and observations at global and continental scales (Figures 9.7 and 9.8) and agreement with inferences on temperature variability from NH temperature reconstructions of the last millennium.

And if you judge MRES by other criteria than variance or standard deviation, e.g. getting an interesting shape, then you are still within the realm of estimation theory (you're estimating the parameters that give you your interesting shape) but no longer in that of minimum mean squared error.

In Scott's method, the bin width wk is given by 3.49 × σ / m1 / 3, where σ and m, respectively indicate the standard deviation of ΔS and number of random observations (Scott 1979).

The mean and standard deviation are given in units of °C per year but they could be multiplied by ten to give them in °C per decade.

Given»n' measurements and a measurement error with a standard deviation of»S», the uncertainty scales with the number of measures by:

From the tree ring width differences one can see that the variations are influenced by the younger tree ring ages being bigger and tending to give a larger standard variation, but not entirely as the smaller older tree rings in some of the trees from the second half of the difference series had standard deviations larger than the younger larger rings from the first half of the difference series..

For illustration, let's take the most simple case of a normal distribution that is shifted towards the warm end by a given amount — say one standard deviation.

In my experience as a family law lawyer, however, it has seemed to me that the bell curve modeling the impact of legislation on my clients has perhaps a higher standard of deviation than the norm, giving the bell curve a greater population at the extremes and thus fatter tails than suggested by the normal distribution; in other words, my impression is that quite a bit more than 5 % of separating couples experience an unfair or very unfair result from the application of family law legislation.