The assessment itself was first
given in 1969, but the underlying political compromises meant that (a) students were tested by age, not
grade level; (b) results were reported either as percentages of test takers getting individual questions right or (starting in 1984) on a psychometric scale that included no
benchmarks, standards, or «cut points»; and (c) the «units of analysis» were the entire country and four big regions but not individual states, let alone districts or schools.