But a new discussion paper, «The role of glaciers in stream flow from the Nepal Himalaya,» (Alford and Armstrong, The Cryosphere Discuss., 4, 469 - 494, 2010) concludes that
glacial runoff contributes only about 4 % to the total annual stream flow of the Ganges system; the great majority is contributed by monsoon rains.
The result of this deglaciation could be conflict as Himalayan
glacial runoff has an essential role in the economies, agriculture and even religions of the regions countries.
Glacial runoff supplies hydropower for 50 % of Switzerland's electricity as well (Paul et al., 2007).
This is one of the primary methods that iron — found in the clay and sediment of
the glacial runoff — is transported to iron - deprived regions in the middle of the Gulf of Alaska.»
Less
glacial runoff = less water to dam More drought = less water to dam Hotter, dryer conditions = faster evaporation from dam reservoirs.
Water, in fact, could be an excellent source of magnesium — if it comes from deep wells that have magnesium at their source, or from mineral - rich
glacial runoff.
Glacial runoff, especially during the spring and summer, can provide a critical source of fresh water downstream.
We filled our hands with cold running water from
glacial runoff, drinking deeply.
Not exact matches
Record high temperatures in Pakistan's far north were already producing higher amounts of snowmelt and
glacial meltwater
runoff from the Karakoram Range and into the Indus River System.
Which leads me to another question — the melting
glacial / Greenland / Antarctic ice water is depleted in CO2 (check out the bubbles in your ice cubes)-- how much additional CO2 is being sequestered by this
runoff into the oceans, and what happens to CO2 increase when we run out of glaciers?
And since I assume the margin glaciers are downhill from most of the
glacial pack, they'll suffer the most decimation from sooty
runoff.
Salinity is thoroughly dominated by evaporation and precipitation over the basin, river
runoff and
glacial discharges are just too small.
Because a large share of the
runoff in the
glacial water systems comes from melting, most of this
runoff, up to 80 %, takes place in the summer.
The combination of snow melt,
glacial melt and rainfall water sources provides for reliable
runoff in these basins.
Runoff due to
glacial melt is minor in the wetter monsoon catchments of the Ganges and Brahmaputra but more substantial in the drier westerly - dominated headwaters of the Indus (17, 24);
In the long run
glacial retreat causes less
runoff to be available which in turn reduces overall water supply.