For sea - level rise, the IPCC now includes modeling
of glacier responses of 3 to 20 centimeters, leading to a higher total estimate of 40 to 62 centimeters by century's end — much lower than the exaggerated and scary figure of 1 to 2 meters of sea - level rise that many environmental activists, and even some media outlets, bandy about.
All the quantified mechanisms involve forcings like volcanic and solar variability for the Holocene case, and CO2 and Milankovic (modified by the slow land -
glacier response) for the LGM.
Patterns of
glacier response to disintegration of the Larsen B ice shelf, Antarctic Peninsula.
Annual mass balance is the most sensitive glacier indicator of
glacier response to climate change.