The glaciers flowing from the steep mountains on the tip of the South American continent, have been one of the most visible of global glacial retreats.
Individual chunks seen in the image range from 1 to several kilometers long, and chains of the bergs seem to mark the edges of nitrogen
glaciers flowing from the icy highlands onto a broad plain.
Ice shelves are thick, floating platforms of ice formed when
glaciers flow from the land onto the ocean surface.
Not exact matches
Since overall the changes heat the Earth, the
glaciers from which major rivers
flow are melting.
Radar measurements and models of Earthly glacial ice
flows led researchers to conclude that the
glaciers spotted on Mars
from orbiters contain nearly 150 billion cubic meters of water.
Now, by studying
glaciers from Tibet to the Arctic islands of the Svalbard archipelago in Norway, researchers are starting to understand why some
glaciers swing between extremes of stagnation and crushing
flow, and how surges may be predicted.
For example, Kangerdlugssuaq
glacier has lost mass
from melting and, in its thinner form, has less weight to speed the
flow of its ice toward the sea.
Ice shelves keep
glaciers from flowing into the ocean.
Some
glaciers on the perimeter of West Antarctica are receiving increased heat
from deep, warm ocean currents, which melt ice
from the grounding line, releasing the brake and causing the
glaciers to
flow and shed icebergs into the ocean more quickly.
Today, as warming waters caused by climate change
flow underneath the floating ice shelves in Pine Island Bay, the Antarctic Ice Sheet is once again at risk of losing mass
from rapidly retreating
glaciers.
The team looked at how meltwater
from two small mountain
glaciers flowed through the system and influenced the mountain streams, rivers and groundwater all year long.
At the grounding line, the ice detaches
from the bedrock and juts out into the water as a kind of floating ledge, or ice shelf, which helps to stabilize the
glacier and hold back the
flow of ice behind it.
The shelf is fed by several mountain
glaciers that
flow from the continent's interior into the ocean like fingers connected to a palm.
The warm ocean water presently melting Totten
Glacier — East Antarctica's largest
glacier, which
flows from the Aurora Basin — could be an early warning sign, said co-lead author Amelia Shevenell, an associate professor in the University of South Florida College of Marine Science.
Despite these conditions, the Tarim river
flows through this desert region, mainly fed by meltwater
from high - altitude
glaciers.
«We're trying to quantify the water
flow, the water chemistry and then the vegetation that's in the basin, the species that are there, all the way
from the
glacier terminus down to the ocean,» O'Neel explained.
Researchers
from the University of Washington and the German Space Agency (DLR) measured the dramatic speeds of the fast -
flowing glacier in 2012 and 2013.
Lead author Dr Malcolm McMillan
from the University of Leeds said: «We find that ice losses continue to be most pronounced along the fast -
flowing ice streams of the Amundsen Sea sector, with thinning rates of between 4 and 8 metres per year near to the grounding lines of the Pine Island, Thwaites and Smith
Glaciers.»
Working with Head, Marchant, and Lionel Wilson
from the Lancaster Environmental Centre in the U.K., Scanlon looked for evidence that hot volcanic lava may have
flowed in the region the same time that the
glacier was present.
One 2004 NASA - led study found that most of the
glaciers they were studying «
flow into floating ice shelves over bedrock up to hundreds of meters deeper than previous estimates, providing exit routes for ice
from further inland if ice - sheet collapse is under way.»
Co-author Dr Ivan Haigh, lecturer in coastal oceanography at the University of Southampton and also based at NOCS, adds: «Historical observations show a rising sea level
from about 1800 as sea water warmed up and melt water
from glaciers and ice fields
flowed into the oceans.
After an initial increase in water
flows from the melting
glaciers, the region can expect a diminished water supply.
Reinhard was awarded for his work in investigating how the potential disintegration of Antarctic floating ice shelves could contribute to increased ice
flow from inland
glaciers, and a resulting rise in global sea levels.
Drews was awarded for his work in investigating how the potential disintegration of Antarctic floating ice shelves could contribute to increased ice
flow from inland
glaciers, and a resulting rise in global sea levels [5].
You can see glaciological structures on the ice shelf, indicating that it
flows out
from its tributary
glaciers.
One year without a net loss also doesn't buck the long - term trend of Greenland losing ice, both
from surface melt and
from ocean waters eating away at
glaciers that
flow out to sea.
We used Sentinel - 1 satellite data to watch a giant iceberg four times the size of London break free
from Antarctica's Larsen - C ice shelf in 2017, and now students can use the same data to measure if new icebergs calve off some of the fastest
flowing glaciers in the world!»
All of the water in the parks is potable to drink — it's
flowing straight
from the
glaciers above.
Granite peaks rise in spires to the sky massive
glaciers flow down
from the perpetual icefields that blanket Patagonia's vast massifs.
There are
glacier - like formations that hint at being made
from something like ice cream, jelly or candyfloss, alongside lollypop - looking trees and
flowing rainbow rivers.
Dr. Rignot recently proposed that unabated warming could result in three feet of global sea rise just
from water
flowing off Greenland, three feet
from Antarctica and 18 inches as the remaining alpine
glaciers shrivel away.
Outflow
from the ice - dammed lake is estimated to have been 11.3 million cubic meters; the additional 17.5 million cubic meters is due to frictional melting of ice as the flood traveled in contact with the
glacier, together with an input
from base
flow.»
Four GPS receivers monitored ice
flow from 55 to 171 km inland of the calving front at the center of the
glacier (Scott and others, 2009).
Our best examples of the impact of sub-glacial volcanoes on
glacier flow, come
from Iceland.
In 1993 the terminus was advancing (I walked
from grass - covered moraines onto the ice surface) but all the water
from the snout was
flowing back up -
glacier.
More recent work appears to have found more water
flowing into the sea
from melting mountain
glaciers than earlier thought, making up some of the missing mass.]
If the ice upstream
from the calving front warms
from whatever it was does that affect the
flow rate of the
glacier?
Data
flow in
from satellite surveys and research projects on dozens of
glaciers in 30 countries.
Michael Lemonick at Climate Central writes on new research finding it's unlikely that the recent surge of ice
flowing into the sea
from Greenland's
glaciers is the new normal (the work syncs with earlier analysis by Tad Pfeffer of the University of Colorado):
However, as Timothy explained in # 121, in addition to the direct sea level rise that occurs when ice shelves melt, there is a much larger secondary effect, in that ice shelves act as a brake, greatly reducing the rate of
flow of the
glaciers behind them
from the land to the sea; and when ice shelves melt, the rate of
glacier flow increases quite rapidly.
If that happened a natural barrier to the
flow of ice
from glaciers and land - covering ice sheets into the oceans would be removed.
As summer neared an end in 2007, reports
from Greenland indicated that the
flow of
glaciers into the sea had accelerated beyond anything glaciologists had thought possible.
We have noticed a significant decline in stream
flow from the
glaciers,» the glaciologist,
from the University of Kashmir, told AFP.
Unlike a
glacier, which generally
flows in one direction, an ice field
flows outward in all directions
from the center.
If enough fresh water
from melting
glaciers flows into the North Atlantic, this would make the seawater less salty and less dense, so that it couldn't sink anymore.
I have alluded to Phillips» opinion, because I see in Geikie's late work that reference is made to the fact that
from the foot of
glaciers in Greenland streams of water issue and unite to form considerable rivers, one of which, after a course of forty miles, enters the sea with a mouth nearly three - quarters of a mile in breadth — the water
flowing freely at a time when the outside sea was thickly covered with ice.
Advances in
glacier ice
flow mapping using repeat satellite images, and later using interferometric synthetic aperture radar SAR methods, facilitated the mass budget approach, although this still requires an estimate of snow input and a cross-section of the
glacier as it
flows out
from the continent and becomes floating ice.
In addition to a groundwater base
flow driving the current steady rise in sea level, meltwater
from retreating Little Ice Age
glaciers undoubtedly contributed as well.
I am sure you will find a more natural solution of this
flow of water
from glaciers — estimated not less than 3000 feet thick — in the suggestion first made by Professor James Thomson, and subsequently proved by his brother, Professor W. Thomson, that the freezing point of water is lowered by the effect of pressure 0.23 ° Fahr., or about a quarter of a degree for each additional atmosphere of pressure.
However, that seeming paradox is consistent with a scenario in which a «base
flow»
from groundwater discharge would offset any transfer of waters to growing Little Ice Age
glaciers.