The resulting cold, dense water sinks and moves northwards, forming an important part of
the global circulation of ocean water.
Not exact matches
The Atlantic
Ocean surface
circulation is an important part
of the Earth's
global climate, moving warm water from the tropics towards the poles.
The Tibetan Plateau in China experiences the strongest monsoon system on Earth, with powerful winds — and accompanying intense rains in the summer months — caused by a complex system
of global air
circulation patterns and differences in surface temperatures between land and
oceans.
And, in fact, the general
circulation — the
global system
of ocean and air currents that we observe — results from this north - south imbalance.
Changes in polar vortex winds high in the stratosphere can alter the
global conveyor belt
of ocean circulation.
Gross says that the most important processes affecting day length are changes in the weather, especially unusual variations in the strength and direction
of the winds, which bring on alterations in the
global circulation of the atmosphere and
ocean.
If there's anything more complicated than the
global forces
of thermal expansion, ice sheet melt and
ocean circulation that contribute to worldwide sea - level rise, it might be the forces
of real estate speculation and the race - based historical housing patterns that color present - day gentrification in Miami.
This would shut down a
global ocean circulation system that is driven by dense, salty water falling to the bottom
of the north Atlantic and that ultimately produces the Gulf Stream.
At a
global scale, the increased melting
of the ice sheet contributes to rising sea level and may impact
global ocean circulation patterns through the so - called «thermohaline
circulation'that sustains among others, the Gulf Stream, which keeps Europe warm.
«Melting Greenland ice sheet may affect
global ocean circulation, future climate: University of South Florida and international scientists find influx of freshwater could disrupt the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, an important component of global ocean circulat
circulation, future climate: University
of South Florida and international scientists find influx
of freshwater could disrupt the Atlantic Meridional Overturning
Circulation, an important component of global ocean circulat
Circulation, an important component
of global ocean circulationcirculation.»
An unprecedented analysis
of North Pacific
ocean circulation over the past 1.2 million years has found that sea ice formation in coastal regions is a key driver
of deep
ocean circulation, influencing climate on regional and
global scales.
He believes that no one has thought
of combining the two theories before because it's not an intuitive idea to look at how the effects
of changing patterns
of ocean circulation, which occur on time scales
of thousands
of years, would effect
global silicate weathering, which in turn controls
global climate on time scales
of 100s
of thousands
of years.
A new study has found that turbulent mixing in the deep waters
of the Southern
Ocean, which has a profound effect on global ocean circulation and climate, varies with the strength of surface eddies — the ocean equivalent of storms in the atmosphere — and possibly also wind sp
Ocean, which has a profound effect on
global ocean circulation and climate, varies with the strength of surface eddies — the ocean equivalent of storms in the atmosphere — and possibly also wind sp
ocean circulation and climate, varies with the strength
of surface eddies — the
ocean equivalent of storms in the atmosphere — and possibly also wind sp
ocean equivalent
of storms in the atmosphere — and possibly also wind speeds.
The Southern
Ocean plays a pivotal role in the
global overturning
circulation, a system
of surface and deep currents linking all
oceans and one
of the fundamental determinants
of the planet's climate.
«Formation
of coastal sea ice in North Pacific drives
ocean circulation, climate: New understanding
of changes in North Pacific
ocean circulation over the past 1.2 million years could lead to better
global climate models.»
And what we see is both how complex climate changes can be and how profound an effect changing patterns
of ocean circulation can have on
global climate states, if looked at on a geological time scale.»
The study reveals the importance
of long - term observations at key locations
of the
global ocean circulation.
The temperature and salinity
of seawater are key drivers for the
global ocean circulation system.
The Isthmus
of Panama plays an outsized role in
ocean circulation and may be a reason that our planet currently undergoes ice ages, so the new theory could rewrite not just the history
of continents and biology, but also
global climate.
«These waters are thought to be the underpinning
of the large - scale
global ocean circulation,» said Macdonald, a WHOI senior research specialist and the study's co-author.
Anderson and Allen suggest that the changes reflect an influx
of moisture from the Pacific
Ocean, probably due to changing
global circulation (Science, vol 260, p 1920).
Climate models show the absence
of a
global atmospheric
circulation pattern which bolsters high
ocean temperatures key to coral bleaching
These discoveries were made possible by the enhancement
of a
global network to monitor sea - surface temperatures, under the auspices
of TOGA and another large international study, the World
Ocean Circulation Experiment.
They were Jorge Sarmiento, an oceanographer at Princeton University who constructs
ocean -
circulation models that calculate how much atmospheric carbon dioxide eventually goes into the world's
oceans; Eileen Claussen, executive director
of the Pew Center for
Global Climate Change in Washington, D.C.; and David Keith, a physicist with the University of Calgary in Alberta who designs technological solutions to the global warming pr
Global Climate Change in Washington, D.C.; and David Keith, a physicist with the University
of Calgary in Alberta who designs technological solutions to the
global warming pr
global warming problem.
The researchers paired MIT's
global circulation model — which simulates physical phenomena such as
ocean currents, temperatures, and salinity — with an ecosystem model that simulates the behavior
of 96 species
of phytoplankton.
New understanding
of changes in North Pacific
ocean circulation over the past 1.2 million years could lead to better
global climate models
For half a century, the Florida State University Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute (GFDI) has been a
global leader in the study
of fluid flow and motion — the ways that the
circulation of liquids and gases influence our
oceans, atmosphere and groundwater.
The thermohaline
circulation of the
global ocean is controlled in part by freshwater inputs to northern seas that regulate the strength
of North Atlantic Deep Water formation by reducing surface seawater density.
g (acceleration due to gravity) G (gravitational constant) G star G1.9 +0.3 gabbro Gabor, Dennis (1900 — 1979) Gabriel's Horn Gacrux (Gamma Crucis) gadolinium Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich (1934 — 1968) Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center GAIA Gaia Hypothesis galactic anticenter galactic bulge galactic center Galactic Club galactic coordinates galactic disk galactic empire galactic equator galactic habitable zone galactic halo galactic magnetic field galactic noise galactic plane galactic rotation galactose Galatea GALAXIES galaxy galaxy cannibalism galaxy classification galaxy formation galaxy interaction galaxy merger Galaxy, The Galaxy satellite series Gale Crater Galen (c. AD 129 — c. 216) galena GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer) Galilean satellites Galilean telescope Galileo (Galilei, Galileo)(1564 — 1642) Galileo (spacecraft) Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) Galileo satellite navigation system gall gall bladder Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812 — 1910) gallic acid gallium gallon gallstone Galois, Évariste (1811 — 1832) Galois theory Galton, Francis (1822 — 1911) Galvani, Luigi (1737 — 1798) galvanizing galvanometer game game theory GAMES AND PUZZLES gamete gametophyte Gamma (Soviet orbiting telescope) Gamma Cassiopeiae Gamma Cassiopeiae star gamma function gamma globulin gamma rays Gamma Velorum gamma - ray burst gamma - ray satellites Gamow, George (1904 — 1968) ganglion gangrene Ganswindt, Hermann (1856 — 1934) Ganymede «garbage theory»,
of the origin
of life Gardner, Martin (1914 — 2010) Garneau, Marc (1949 ---RRB- garnet Garnet Star (Mu Cephei) Garnet Star Nebula (IC 1396) garnierite Garriott, Owen K. (1930 ---RRB- Garuda gas gas chromatography gas constant gas giant gas laws gas - bounded nebula gaseous nebula gaseous propellant gaseous - propellant rocket engine gasoline Gaspra (minor planet 951) Gassendi, Pierre (1592 — 1655) gastric juice gastrin gastrocnemius gastroenteritis gastrointestinal tract gastropod gastrulation Gatewood, George D. (1940 ---RRB- Gauer - Henry reflex gauge boson gauge theory gauss (unit) Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777 — 1855) Gaussian distribution Gay - Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 — 1850) GCOM (
Global Change Observing Mission) Geber (c. 720 — 815) gegenschein Geiger, Hans Wilhelm (1882 — 1945) Geiger - Müller counter Giessler tube gel gelatin Gelfond's theorem Gell - Mann, Murray (1929 ---RRB- GEM «gemination,»
of martian canals Geminga Gemini (constellation) Gemini Observatory Gemini Project Gemini - Titan II gemstone gene gene expression gene mapping gene pool gene therapy gene transfer General Catalogue
of Variable Stars (GCVS) general precession general theory
of relativity generation ship generator Genesis (inflatable orbiting module) Genesis (sample return probe) genetic code genetic counseling genetic disorder genetic drift genetic engineering genetic marker genetic material genetic pool genetic recombination genetics GENETICS AND HEREDITY Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Program genome genome, interstellar transmission
of genotype gentian violet genus geoboard geode geodesic geodesy geodesy satellites geodetic precession Geographos (minor planet 1620) geography GEOGRAPHY Geo - IK geologic time geology GEOLOGY AND PLANETARY SCIENCE geomagnetic field geomagnetic storm geometric mean geometric sequence geometry GEOMETRY geometry puzzles geophysics GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) Geosat geostationary orbit geosynchronous orbit geosynchronous / geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) geosyncline Geotail (satellite) geotropism germ germ cells Germain, Sophie (1776 — 1831) German Rocket Society germanium germination Gesner, Konrad von (1516 — 1565) gestation Get Off the Earth puzzle Gettier problem geyser g - force GFO (Geosat Follow - On) GFZ - 1 (GeoForschungsZentrum) ghost crater Ghost Head Nebula (NGC 2080) ghost image Ghost
of Jupiter (NGC 3242) Giacconi, Riccardo (1931 ---RRB- Giacobini - Zinner, Comet (Comet 21P /) Giaever, Ivar (1929 ---RRB- giant branch Giant Magellan Telescope giant molecular cloud giant planet giant star Giant's Causeway Giauque, William Francis (1895 — 1982) gibberellins Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839 — 1903) Gibbs free energy Gibson, Edward G. (1936 ---RRB- Gilbert, William (1544 — 1603) gilbert (unit) Gilbreath's conjecture gilding gill gill (unit) Gilruth, Robert R. (1913 — 2000) gilsonite gimbal Ginga ginkgo Giotto (ESA Halley probe) GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya) girder glacial drift glacial groove glacier gland Glaser, Donald Arthur (1926 — 2013) Glashow, Sheldon (1932 ---RRB- glass GLAST (Gamma - ray Large Area Space Telescope) Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1607 — 1670) glaucoma glauconite Glenn, John Herschel, Jr. (1921 ---RRB- Glenn Research Center Glennan, T (homas) Keith (1905 — 1995) glenoid cavity glia glial cell glider Gliese 229B Gliese 581 Gliese 67 (HD 10307, HIP 7918) Gliese 710 (HD 168442, HIP 89825) Gliese 86 Gliese 876 Gliese Catalogue glioma glissette glitch
Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA)
Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Globalstar globe Globigerina globular cluster globular proteins globule globulin globus pallidus GLOMR (
Global Low Orbiting Message Relay) GLONASS (
Global Navigation Satellite System) glossopharyngeal nerve Gloster E. 28/39 glottis glow - worm glucagon glucocorticoid glucose glucoside gluon Glushko, Valentin Petrovitch (1908 — 1989) glutamic acid glutamine gluten gluteus maximus glycerol glycine glycogen glycol glycolysis glycoprotein glycosidic bond glycosuria glyoxysome GMS (Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite) GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) Gnathostomata gneiss Go Go, No - go goblet cell GOCE (Gravity field and steady - state
Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (H
Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (
Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law
of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square
of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (
ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (H
ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (HH215)
The observed and projected rates
of increase in freshwater runoff could potentially disrupt
ocean circulation if
global temperatures rise by 3 to 4 °C over this century as forecast by the IPCC 2001 report.
The AMOC is part
of a
global ocean circulation system that carries heat from the tropics to the North Atlantic.
In applying them, they found that a more realistic representation
of the marine ecosystem helped the
ocean to take up and store carbon at similar rates regardless
of global changes in physical properties, like temperature, salinity and
circulation.
(Top left)
Global annual mean radiative influences (W m — 2)
of LGM climate change agents, generally feedbacks in glacial - interglacial cycles, but also specified in most Atmosphere -
Ocean General
Circulation Model (AOGCM) simulations for the LGM.
Broecker's articulation
of likely effects
of freshwater outbursts in the North Atlantic on
ocean circulation and
global climate (Broecker, 1990; Broecker et al., 1990) spurred quantitative studies with idealized
ocean models (Stocker and Wright, 1991) and
global atmosphere —
ocean models (Manabe and Stouffer, 1995; Rahmstorf 1995, 1996).
Quick recovery is consistent with the Southern
Ocean - centric picture of the global overturning circulation (Fig. 4; Talley, 2013), as the Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation (SMOC), driven by AABW formation, responds to change in the vertical stability of the ocean column near Antarctica (Sect. 3.7) and the ocean mixed layer and sea ice have limited thermal ine
Ocean - centric picture
of the
global overturning
circulation (Fig. 4; Talley, 2013), as the Southern
Ocean meridional overturning circulation (SMOC), driven by AABW formation, responds to change in the vertical stability of the ocean column near Antarctica (Sect. 3.7) and the ocean mixed layer and sea ice have limited thermal ine
Ocean meridional overturning
circulation (SMOC), driven by AABW formation, responds to change in the vertical stability
of the
ocean column near Antarctica (Sect. 3.7) and the ocean mixed layer and sea ice have limited thermal ine
ocean column near Antarctica (Sect. 3.7) and the
ocean mixed layer and sea ice have limited thermal ine
ocean mixed layer and sea ice have limited thermal inertia.
Scientists now estimate that the
circulation of seawater through the oceanic crust accounts for 34 %
of the heat input into the
global oceans, about 25 %
of the globe's total heat input.
William M. Gray wrote... I judge our present
global ocean circulation to be similar to that
of the period
of the early 1940s when the globe had shown great warming since 1910, and there was concern as to whether this 1910 - 1940
global warming would continue.
Saenko, O.A., and W.J. Merryfield, 2005: On the effect
of topographically - enhanced mixing on the
global ocean circulation.
Danabasoglu, G., J.C. McWilliams, and P.R. Gent, 1995: The role
of mesoscale tracer transports in the
global ocean circulation.
In the paper Gray makes many extravagant claims about how supposed changes in the THC accounted for various 20th century climate changes («I judge our present
global ocean circulation conditions to be similar to that
of the period
of the early 1940s when the globe had shown great warming since 1910, and there was concern as to whether this 1910 - 1940
global warming would continue.
Knowledge
of dominant scales associated with mesoscale eddies enables a better understanding
of the resolution requirements for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, the framework used for comparison
of global coupled
ocean - atmosphere general
circulation models.
Given the impacts
of adding 120 meters equivalent
of global mean sea level equivalent
of freshwater to the system are unlikely to be negligible on
ocean circulation and biological activity.
The principal engine
of this
global circulation, often called the
Ocean Conveyor, is the difference in salt content between the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans.
Climate scientists would say in response that changes in
ocean circulation can't sustain a net change in
global temperature over such a long period (ENSO for example might raise or lower
global temperature on a timescale
of one or two years, but over decades there would be roughly zero net change).
«This expedition offered insights into Earth's history, ranging from mountain - building in New Zealand to the shifting movements
of Earth's tectonic plates to changes in
ocean circulation and
global climate.»
This Bern model incorporates non-linear
ocean chemistry feedbacks and CO2 fertilization
of the terrestrial biosphere, but it omits climate - carbon feedbacks, e.g., assuming static
global climate and
ocean circulation.
This
global circulation is propelled by the sinking
of cold, salty — and therefore dense —
ocean waters.
Nevertheless, the risk
of triggering
ocean circulation changes as a result
of global warming can not be ruled out at present (which is why you use the word «probably»), and it needs to be studied and discussed.
That matters because the trickiest part
of global climate models appears to be how they handle
ocean - atmosphere interactions, and I really have no idea how well they link changes in local wind - driven upwelling to the net thermohaline
circulation.
«GCM — General
Circulation Model (sometimes
Global Climate Model) which includes the physics
of the atmosphere and often the
ocean, sea ice and land surface as well.»