Sentences with phrase «global mean estimate»

Here, we report mean areal (per unit surface area) CH4 fluxes from reservoir water surfaces that are approximately 25 % larger than previous estimates (120.4 mg CH4 - C per m2 per day, SD = 286.6), CO2 flux estimates that are approximately 30 % smaller than previous estimates (329.7 mg CO2 - C per m2 per day, SD = 447.7), and the first - ever global mean estimate of reservoir N2O fluxes (0.30 mg N2O - N per m2 per day, SD = 0.9; table 1).

Thus, given the height and value of the emission temperature, we can get a simple estimate for the surface temperature: 255K + 5.5 km * 6K / km = 288K (= 15oC; close to the global mean estimated from observations given by NCDC of ~ 14oC).

You stated: «Thus, given the height and value of the emission temperature, we can get a simple estimate for the surface temperature: 255K + 5.5 km * 6K / km = 288K (= 15oC; close to the global mean estimated from observations given by NCDC of ~ 14oC).»

These occasional corrections are one reason why monthly updates not only add e.g. global mean estimates for the new month, but may slightly change estimates for earlier months.

Not exact matches

0.2 pp off our 2017 global GDP growth estimate to 3.4 % still means acceleration next year.

Australia's advanced agricultural sector produces a healthy surplus — estimated to feed around 60 million people annually.9 This export orientation means the sector benefits from, but is also heavily reliant on, the performance of global markets.

«This means farmers are now harvesting more rice per hectare, which not only lifts them out of poverty, but it is contributing towards the world - wide challenge of feeding the estimated global population of 9 billion people in 2050,» said Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs Kevin Rudd.

The US wine business is now estimated to be worth about $ 900 million, meaning any new buyer of the entire Treasury operations will be able to get their hands on $ 2 billion in tax losses to offset against capital gains elsewhere, which is highly appealing to large global private equity funds.

Even the most optimistic estimates of the effects of contemporary fossil fuel use suggest that mean global temperature will rise by a minimum of 2 °C before the end of this century and that CO2 emissions will affect climate for tens of thousands of years.

The iron deprivation means that estimates of global ocean carbon uptake are probably 2 to 4 percent too high, the group reports in the August 31 Nature.

Finally, an estimate of the burden of alcohol - attributable breast cancer incidence and mortality by means of a Population - Attributable Fraction methodology (using data on alcohol consumption from the Global Information System on Alcohol and Health, and data on cancer incidence and mortality from the GLOBOCAN database) showed that an estimated 144,000 breast - cancer cases and 38,000 breast - cancer deaths globally in 2012 were attributable to alcohol, with 18.8 % of these cases and 17.5 % of these deaths affecting women who were light drinkers.

This new research takes away the lower end of climate sensitivity estimates, meaning that global average temperatures will increase by 3 °C to 5 °C with a doubling of carbon dioxide.»

On previous estimates, that meant global emissions had to peak by 2020 and then fall.

«The tide gauge measurements are essential for determining the uncertainty in the GMSL (global mean sea level) acceleration estimate,» said co-author Gary Mitchum, USF College of Marine Science.

The U.S. National Research Council (NRC) estimates that every degree Celsius of warming in global average temperatures means a 5 to 15 percent drop in yield, particularly for corn, in North America.

The time evolution of the Northern Hemisphere mean for the two data sets is shown in the lower panel, showing a good agreement over most of the record, but with slightly higher GISTEMP estimates over the last 10 years (the global mean was not shown because my computer didn't have sufficient memory for the complete analysis, but the two data sets also show similar evolution in e.g. the IPCC AR4).

Such issues mean ivory yields from managed herds would be «far below» current global demand, estimated at 210 metric tons annually, predicts Samuel Wasser, a conservation geneticist at the University of Washington, Seattle.

One could assume that there was minimal global mean surface temperature change between 1750 and 1850, as some datasets suggest, and compare the 1850 - 2000 temperature change with the full 1750 - 2000 forcing estimate, as in my paper and Otto et al..

Global mean surface temperatures have risen by 0.74 °C ± 0.18 °C when estimated by a linear trend over the last 100 years (1906 — 2005).

Global mean temperatures averaged over land and ocean surfaces, from three different estimates, each of which has been independently adjusted for various homogeneity issues, are consistent within uncertainty estimates over the period 1901 to 2005 and show similar rates of increase in recent decades.

Firstly, what is the best estimate of the global mean surface air temperature anomaly?

Global mean temperature for the period January to September 2017 was 0.47 ° ± 0.08 °C warmer than the 1981 - 2010 average (estimated at 14.31 °C).

The review by O'Gorman et al (3) reports that a 1C increase in global mean temperature will result in a 2 % — 7 % increase in the precipitation rate; the lower values are results of GCM output, and the upper values are results from regressing estimated annual rainfalls on annual mean temperatures.

Furthermore, the global intrinsic oscillations provide a means to discern red - giant stars in the pre-helium core burning from the ones in the helium core burning phase and provide an estimate of stellar ages, a key ingredient for galactic studies.

Indeed, if one accepts a very liberal risk level of 50 % for mean global warming of 2 °C (the guiderail widely adopted) since the start of the industrial age, then under midrange IPCC climate sensitivity estimates, then we have around 30 years before the risk level is exceeded.

More recently Köhler et al (2010)(KEA), used estimates of all the LGM forcings, and an estimate of the global mean temperature change, to constrain the sensitivity to 1.4 - 5.2 ºC (5 — 95 %), with a mean value of 2.4 ºC.

Based on regional studies, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated that 20 — 30 % of the world's species are likely to be at increasingly high risk of extinction from climate change impacts within this century if global mean temperatures exceed 2 — 3 °C above pre-industrial levels [6], while Thomas et al. [5] predicted that 15 — 37 % of species could be «committed to extinction» due to climate change by 2050.

Ice sheet albedo forcing is estimated to have caused a global mean forcing of about — 3.2 W m — 2 (based on a range of several LGM simulations) and radiative forcing from increased atmospheric aerosols (primarily dust and vegetation) is estimated to have been about — 1 W m — 2 each.

The concatenation of modern and instrumental records [52] is based on an estimate that global temperature in the first decade of the 21st century (+0.8 °C relative to 1880 — 1920) exceeded the Holocene mean by 0.25 ± 0.25 °C.

Estimates of reserves (profitable to extract at current prices) and resources (potentially recoverable with advanced technology and / or at higher prices) are the mean of estimates of Energy Information Administration (EIA)[7], German Advisory Council (GAC)[8], and Global Energy Assessment Estimates of reserves (profitable to extract at current prices) and resources (potentially recoverable with advanced technology and / or at higher prices) are the mean of estimates of Energy Information Administration (EIA)[7], German Advisory Council (GAC)[8], and Global Energy Assessment estimates of Energy Information Administration (EIA)[7], German Advisory Council (GAC)[8], and Global Energy Assessment (GEA)[9].

To understand the selection mechanism behind mutations, network - based studies were used to estimate the importance of a mutated protein compared to non-mutated ones in signalling and protein — protein interaction networks.10, 11,12,13 Proteins mutated in cancer were found having a high number of interacting partners (i.e., a high degree of connectivity), which indicates high local importance.10 Mutated proteins are also often found in the centre of the network, in key global positions, as quantified by the number of shortest paths passing through them if all proteins are connected with each other (i.e., they have high betweenness centrality; hereafter called betweenness).11, 12 Mutated proteins also have high clustering coefficients, which means their neighbours are also neighbours of each other.10, 13 Moreover, neighbourhood analysis of mutated proteins have been previously successfully used to predict novel cancer - related genes.14, 15 However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has concentrated particularly on the topological importance of first neighbours of mutated proteins in cancer, and their usefulness as drug targets themselves.

/ / Corrections for the discontinuity are expected to alter the character of mid-twentieth century temperature variability but not estimates of the century - long trend in global - mean temperatures.

The combination of these factors means it's much easier to interpolate anomalies and estimate the global mean, than it would be if you were averaging absolute temperatures.

The adjustments are unlikely to significantly affect estimates of century - long trends in global - mean temperatures, as the data before, 1940 and after the mid-1960s are not expected to require further corrections for changes from uninsulated bucket to engine room intake measurements.

This can be as simple as assuming an estimate of the global mean surface temperature anomaly is truly global when it in fact has large gaps in regions that are behaving anomalously.

Since the GCMs have clearly overpredicted the overall trend in global average mean temperature, and since there are other epochs where there fit to the overall trend is poor, I think that you confidence in an estimate of natural variability based on them is misplaced.

However, and this is important, because of the biases and the difficulty in interpolating, the estimates of the global mean absolute temperature are not as accurate as the year to year changes.

There was a wide variation in estimates but the mean was around  # 19 / tonne global damage cost - so a $ 30 / tonne global price for avoiding CO2 seems a good minimum to start at.

B. Takes an adjustment to sea temperatures in a defined period and implies that it impacts the global mean temperatures trend estimates over the entire twentieth century.

This means the steric estimate is almost certainly biased low compared to the true global amount.

The first thing to remember is that an estimate of how much warmer one year is than another in the global mean is just that, an estimate.

In the paper these factors are estimated and it is concluded that the North Carolina curve should be within about 10 cm of global mean sea level.

Assuming a climate sensitivity of 0.7 K / W / m ^ 2, this would contribute less than 0.06 C of the estimated 0.6 C mean global warming between the Maunder Minimum and the middle of last century, before significant anthropogenic contributions could be involved.»

The time evolution of the Northern Hemisphere mean for the two data sets is shown in the lower panel, showing a good agreement over most of the record, but with slightly higher GISTEMP estimates over the last 10 years (the global mean was not shown because my computer didn't have sufficient memory for the complete analysis, but the two data sets also show similar evolution in e.g. the IPCC AR4).

The same holds for the specific global mean EIV temperature reconstruction used in the present study as shown in the graph below (interestingly, eliminating the proxies in question actually makes the reconstruction overall slightly cooler prior to AD 1000, which — as noted in the article — would actually bring the semi-empirical sea level estimate into closer agreement with the sea level reconstruction prior to AD 1000).

The graphs compare the global mean temperature estimated by the models with that estimated from the data.

I therefore assume that the data from Cowtan & Way is the methodologically best estimate of the global mean temperature which we currently have.

The mean temperature is therefore an estimate of the global mean plus an unknown constant, presumed constant in time.

«The global mean latent heat flux is required to exceed 80 W m — 2 to close the surface energy balance in Figure 2.11, and comes close to the 85 W m — 2 considered as upper limit by Trenberth and Fasullo (2012b) in view of current uncertainties in precipitation retrieval in the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP, Adler et al., 2012)(the latent heat flux corresponds to the energy equivalent of evaporation, which globally equals precipitation; thus its magnitude may be constrained by global precipitation estimglobal mean latent heat flux is required to exceed 80 W m — 2 to close the surface energy balance in Figure 2.11, and comes close to the 85 W m — 2 considered as upper limit by Trenberth and Fasullo (2012b) in view of current uncertainties in precipitation retrieval in the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP, Adler et al., 2012)(the latent heat flux corresponds to the energy equivalent of evaporation, which globally equals precipitation; thus its magnitude may be constrained by global precipitation estimGlobal Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP, Adler et al., 2012)(the latent heat flux corresponds to the energy equivalent of evaporation, which globally equals precipitation; thus its magnitude may be constrained by global precipitation estimglobal precipitation estimates).

I say I don't know what the global mean is because what is actually estimated is a spatially weighted average of the (homogenised etc) data.