With GRACE retrievals of surface mass commencing in 2002 and ARGO - derived estimates of
global ocean heat content beginning a few years later, an era of unprecedented diagnostic capabilities began.
In the present study, satellite altimetric height and historically available in situ temperature data were combined using the method developed by Willis et al. [2003], to produce
global estimates of upper
ocean heat content, thermosteric expansion, and temperature variability over the 10.5 - year period from the
beginning of 1993 through mid-2003...