This is a reconstitution
of glomeruli by propagated nephron progenitors derived from human iPS cells.
This achievement shows that human
kidney glomeruli made in vitro can connect to blood vessels after transplantation and grow to maturity.
This report of the successful connection of capillaries with the podocytes of iPS cell - manufactured
human glomeruli resulting in a distinct filtration membrane is the first of its kind in the world.
A very intense cheese odor might activate many of the same
glomeruli as the very intense odor of a predator.
Identifying which
olfactory glomeruli became active in response to different odors was the goal.
«It is, rather, the activation level of single
glomeruli which is decisive for the behavior of the moth.
With fewer remaining
glomeruli filters, it must pass more water through the remaining ones in order to keep its blood clean.
These cells also retained the potential to
form glomeruli and tubules.
Since all receptor neurons of the same type converge onto the
same glomerulus, it was thought that spatial information linked to their location on the antenna was therefore lost.
Your pet's kidney
glomeruli act as a sieve, straining and filtering blood as it passes through it.
With an increasing number of
glomeruli passing signals to mitral cells for «broadcast» to the cortex, the specificity of the pattern would be blurred.
The neurons send their signals to the brain's olfactory bulb, where each of thousands of little clusters of neurons called
glomeruli receives input from olfactory neurons with just one receptor type.
The activity level of
certain glomeruli determines whether female moths extend their proboscis to feed or whether they try to grab the paper with their feet and curl their abdomen to lay eggs.
The SA cells send inhibitory signals to ET cells situated near
other glomeruli, close by as well as far and wide across the bulb.
ET cells also receive signals from far -
off glomeruli, a key factor in the bulb's ability to integrate the total signal coming in from the nose.
The team's experiments revealed a complex flow of information in, around, and
between glomeruli.
When a powerfully intense odor enters the glomerular layer of the bulb, SA cells near a
given glomerulus will be strongly activated.
The rodents with a penchant for mint - cherry food developed
larger glomeruli, the region of the brain responsible for processing odor — the first evidence that exposure to odors in the womb alters the way the brain develops.
They continued the analysis by taking out only the podocytes of the human
glomeruli using the green fluorescence, and revealed that glomerular podocytes made in vitro express the same genes important for normal biological function.
This is a human iPS cell -
derived glomerulus that is connected to the mouse vasculature upon transplantation.
This finding, a culture method that increases kidney progenitor cells while
maintaining glomerulus - formation potential, is the first of its kind.
The optimized culture allowed kidney progenitor cells to retain their functionality (the ability to
produce glomeruli and tubules) and grow up to 1,800 times their original amount over 20 days.
After transplanting the human iPS cell - based kidney tissue into a mouse body,
glomeruli connecting to mouse kidney capillaries formed.
Because dragonflies and their close cousins, damselflies, don't
possess glomeruli or any higher order smell centers in their brains, most scientists believed these insects were unable to smell anything at all.
This discovery of smell
sans glomeruli echoes a recent one in carrot psyllid bugs, and together, they may open a new view into how olfactory structures are organized, says Joshua Martin, a biologist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, who was not involved with the research.
sFlt1 caused
swollen glomeruli (right)-- a known symptom of human preeclampsia — in pregnant rats» kidneys.
Angiotensin II increases the intracellular calcium activity in podocytes of the
intact glomerulus.
«We even succeeded in inducing much of this differentiation process within a channel of the microfluidic chip, whereby applying cyclical motions that mimic the rhythmic deformations
living glomeruli experience due to pressure pulses generated by each heartbeat, we achieve even greater maturation efficiencies.»
«The development of a functional human kidney
glomerulus chip opens up an entirely new experimental path to investigate kidney biology, carry out highly personalized modeling of kidney diseases and drug toxicities, and the stem cell - derived kidney podocytes we developed could even offer a new injectable cell therapy approach for regenerative medicine in patients with life - threatening glomerulopathies in the future,» said Ingber.
As the kidneys
loose glomeruli they become smaller, firmer, and lumpier (scarred).
Two - photon microscopy image of a layer of the mouse olfactory bulb (viewed head - on from the front) containing relay stations
call glomeruli — places where bundles of axons and dendrites meet.
Three of these dogs had greater than 35 %
fetal glomeruli and died from renal failure between 5 and 10 years of age.
We were able to address two - thirds of the visible
olfactory glomeruli in each animal and then study the moths» responses to a large set of odors,» explained Sonja Bisch - Knaden.
Your dog's kidney
glomeruli act as a sieve, straining and filtering blood as it passes through it.
When P levels are low, most that escapes through the kidney's
glomeruli filters is reabsorbed farther down by the cells that form the urine channels (renal tubules).
When an ET cell fires, its signal is transmitted down to mitral cells that share the same «parent»
glomerulus as the ET cell.
Now, with the team's newly engineered human
kidney glomerulus - on - a-chip, researchers also can get in vitro access to the kidney's core filtration mechanisms that are critical for drug clearance and pharmacokinetics, in addition to studying human podocytes at work.
To build an in vitro model of the
human glomerulus to probe deeper into its function and vulnerabilities to disease and drug toxicities, researchers have been attempting to engineer human stem cells — that in theory can give rise to any mature cell type — so that they form into functional podocytes.
That means each smell should activate a unique pattern of
glomeruli — the «code» for that smell.
The researchers could clearly visualize individual
glomeruli and saw each odor produce a unique pattern of active glomeruli.
Olfactory
glomeruli, spherical structures in the antennal lobe of insects, are considered the primary subunits of the olfactory center.
The theory is that it does so by dilating vessels leading to
the glomeruli, while constricting those through which blood exits.