MYC is a key driver of cancer cell metabolic adaptations after CDK4 / 6 inhibition, which includes upregulation
of glutaminase 1 (GLS1) and mTOR ‐ dependent pathways.
«We found that targeting
only glutaminase will miss the less aggressive ovarian cancer cells because they are at a metabolic stage where they are not yet glutamine - dependent.»
Two mitochondrial enzymes — pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and
glutaminase replenish carbon to the Krebs cycle.
Eid T, Hammer J, Runden - Pran E, Roberg B, Thomas MJ, Osen K, Davanger S, Laake P, Torgner IA, Lee TS, Kim JH, Spencer DD, Ottersen OP, de Lanerolle NC (2006) Increased expression of phosphate -
activated glutaminase in hippocampal neurons in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.
Cells that express high levels of the transcription factor myc up -
regulate glutaminase expression more than 10-fold [105].
In contrast, production of genuine old - fashioned soy sauce uses the
enzyme glutaminase to form naturally occurring glutamic acid.
«The enzyme
glutaminase is key to glutamine uptake from outside the cell, and glutaminase is the primary target that everybody is thinking about right now in developing drugs,» Nagrath said.
This is not mediated by direct transcriptional control of
the glutaminase promoter, but rather by increasing mRNA stability through repression of micro-RNA miR - 23.
Glutaminase is also allosterically regulated through phosphate, which is required for the formation of the catalytically active tetramer [107], but requires supraphysiological concentrations in vitro.
In this case, myc overexpression represses miR - 23, which normally binds to the 5 ′ - UTR of
the glutaminase mRNA leading to its degradation [106].
Glutaminase is a highly regulated enzyme.