School Progression and the Grade Distribution of Students: Evidence from the Current Population Survey Education researchers have long made inferences about
grade retention from the grade
Providing your child with opportunities for success can prevent the stigma of
grade retention from affecting your child.
Not exact matches
Immaturity is one of the factors that can contribute to the overall picture of a school child who would benefit
from repeating a
grade, but
grade retention by itself does not encourage maturity.
North Carolina's investment in early child care and education programs resulted in higher test scores, less
grade retention and fewer special education placements through fifth
grade, research
from the Duke Center for Child and Family Policy finds.
New research
from Harvard Graduate School of Education professor Martin West tells a nuanced and evidence - based story about
grade retention, finding that — contrary to critics» fears — repeating third
grade does not reduce students» chances of completing high school.
The effects of high - stakes testing programs on outcomes such as
retention, graduation, and admission into academic programs are different
from the results of using
grades alone.
o To keep costs low, the system must rely primarily on existing data (such as student achievement,
grade retention, attendance, graduation, college going and student log files
from educational software providers).
Because the state has not yet identified students for
retention, the test scores of students the first time they are in the 3rd
grade are not affected by any change in the student cohort resulting
from the
retention policy.
Our fundamental findings
from an analysis of the 3rd - and 4th -
grade data for these two years indicate that the performance of students identified for
retention, regardless of whether they were retained or exempted and promoted, exceeded the performance of low - performing students
from the previous year who were not subject to the
retention policy; and students who were actually retained made the larger relative gains.
The first class affected by the
retention policy entered the 4th
grade during the 2004 school year, and thus the first NAEP score that could have been influenced by the exclusion of low - performing students
from the 4th -
grade NAEP sample was the spring 2005 administration.
The motivation for Mexican education reform is driven by high
grade retention, high dropout rates, and low test scores — even when compared with children
from other Latin American countries.
Economic evaluation estimated a return on investment that exceeded $ 2,500 per participant on outcomes such as increased likelihood to graduate
from high school, lower rates of K - 12
grade retention, lower rates of initiating sexual activity, and less criminal activity among group participants (Lee et al., 2012).
Proponents of test - based promotion argue that the threat of
retention provides a powerful incentive for educators to help students become strong readers by 3rd
grade, and that students who fall short could stand to benefit
from an additional year of schooling.
«Experiencing two
retentions by third
grade means that these students, by definition, will be unable to graduate
from eighth
grade because they will turn 15 in the seventh
grade and will have to go to Transition Centers [per Chicago policy],» the report stated.
The Commission will examine factors in raising student achievement
from prekindergarten through high school including: state accountability and curriculum requirements; model programs to improve student achievement beginning in early learning programs and continuing throughout high school; strategies for every student to achieve at
grade level such as intervention and support systems; and policies to improve student attendance and
retention.
The authors demonstrate that the effects of high - stakes testing pro- grams on outcomes, such as
retention and graduation, are different
from the results of using
grades alone, and that some groups of students who are already faring poorly, such as African Americans and Latinos / Latinas, will do even worse if high - stakes testing programs are used as criteria for promotion and graduation.
Following on the stereotype of the too - tall kid crammed into a too - small desk in the back row, previous research has looked at the potential downsides of
grade retention: stigma, peer group mismatch and reduced expectations
from teachers.
Similarly, while providing for individualized determinations, the IDEA does not contain any absolute bar to retaining students with IEPs
from grade retention.
Clearly states have an interest in ensuring that any investments they make enable strong outcomes that produce the desired benefits of stronger learning and school success, along with savings
from reduced needs for special education,
grade retention, remediation, or dropping out.
The NEA continues to suggest that negative school experiences such as dislike of school,
retention at
grade level, and disconnectedness
from teachers and students all contribute to a student's tendency to dropout.
36 • Texas Lone Star • May 2018 • texaslonestaronline.org Anew study
from Texas A&M Univer - sity has shown a causal link between
grade retention and graduation rates, with students retained in elementary school being almost hree times as likely as their promoted counterparts to drop out before graduation.
Murnane's (2012) slightly higher estimates are produced by supplementing CCD data with household surveys
from the Census Bureau and state longitudinal databases, which can better consider student mobility,
grade retention, and recent immigration.
Studies of students who attend high - quality programs for a significant period of time show improvements in academic performance and social competence, including better
grades, improved homework completion, higher scores on achievement tests, lower levels of
grade retention, improved behavior in school, increased competence and sense of self as a learner, better work habits, fewer absences
from school, better emotional adjustment and relationships with parents, and a greater sense of belonging in the community.
The program had an estimated return on investment of $ 10 for every $ 1 spent due to savings
from increased earnings, lower crime rates, reduced need for child - abuse and neglect services, and K - 12 savings
from reduced special education and
grade retention.
Diane Ravitch wrote a post drawing
from an op ed piece written by Michigan teacher Nancy Flanagan decrying the Michigan's third
grade «mandatory
retention legislation» that requires schools to fail any third grader who scores below a certain level on the standardized tests used to determine «proficiency».
Research and evidence
from the field show community schools help ensure students enter school fully prepared to learn; develop improved work habits, efforts, and attitudes toward learning; improve
grades and test scores; bolster
retention and graduation rates; and provide society with a strong return on investment.
(e) The board shall establish the information needed in an application for the approval of a charter school; provided that the application shall include, but not be limited to, a description of: (i) the mission, purpose, innovation and specialized focus of the proposed charter school; (ii) the innovative methods to be used in the charter school and how they differ
from the district or districts
from which the charter school is expected to enroll students; (iii) the organization of the school by ages of students or
grades to be taught, an estimate of the total enrollment of the school and the district or districts
from which the school will enroll students; (iv) the method for admission to the charter school; (v) the educational program, instructional methodology and services to be offered to students, including research on how the proposed program may improve the academic performance of the subgroups listed in the recruitment and
retention plan; (vi) the school's capacity to address the particular needs of limited English - proficient students, if applicable, to learn English and learn content matter, including the employment of staff that meets the criteria established by the department; (vii) how the school shall involve parents as partners in the education of their children; (viii) the school governance and bylaws; (ix) a proposed arrangement or contract with an organization that shall manage or operate the school, including any proposed or agreed upon payments to such organization; (x) the financial plan for the operation of the school; (xi) the provision of school facilities and pupil transportation; (xii) the number and qualifications of teachers and administrators to be employed; (xiii) procedures for evaluation and professional development for teachers and administrators; (xiv) a statement of equal educational opportunity which shall state that charter schools shall be open to all students, on a space available basis, and shall not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, creed, sex, gender identity, ethnicity, sexual orientation, mental or physical disability, age, ancestry, athletic performance, special need, proficiency in the English language or academic achievement; (xv) a student recruitment and
retention plan, including deliberate, specific strategies the school will use to ensure the provision of equal educational opportunity as stated in clause (xiv) and to attract, enroll and retain a student population that, when compared to students in similar
grades in schools
from which the charter school is expected to enroll students, contains a comparable academic and demographic profile; and (xvi) plans for disseminating successes and innovations of the charter school to other non-charter public schools.
Grade retention that results
from narrow measures of academic preparedness can increase student risk for problems in school, including increased drop - out rates, and even when the student is promoted, the use of such assessments to sort students creates tracks within
grade levels that reflect racial, ethnic, and social - class differences and that function to direct entire categories of students toward low - wage jobs or incarceration.
It would have exempted a student
from the third
grade reading
retention requirement if that student's parent had opted - out of the statewide student assessment system.
Dr. Sandy Addis, Director of the NDPC / N and co-author of the issue brief, said of the paper, «We know
from studies conducted by well - respected researchers in the field that students who have not experienced
grade retention, who have good school attendance, and who have higher course
grades are likely to graduate.
For the prekindergarten program alone, they identified $ 92,220 in present value benefits and $ 8,512 in present value costs in 2007 dollars — a benefit - cost ratio of 10.83 to 1.22 The benefits derived mainly
from reduced public education expenditures due to lower
grade retention and use of special education, reduced costs to the criminal justice system and victims of crime due to lower crime rates, reduced expenditures on child welfare due to less child abuse and neglect, higher projected earnings of center participants, and increased income tax revenue due to projected higher lifetime earnings of center participants.
Early intervention can prevent problems
from snowballing, and it represents a more promising option for addressing underachievement than either
retention or social promotion, the practice of passing students
from grade to
grade regardless of whether they have mastered the standards.
Economic evaluation estimated a return on investment that exceeded $ 2,500 per participant on outcomes such as increased likelihood to graduate
from high school, lower rates of K - 12
grade retention, lower rates of initiating sexual activity, and less criminal activity among group participants (Lee et al., 2012).
The program had an estimated return on investment of $ 10 for every $ 1 spent due to savings
from increased earnings, lower crime rates, reduced need for child - abuse and neglect services, and K - 12 savings
from reduced special education and
grade retention.
Clearly states have an interest in ensuring that any investments they make enable strong outcomes that produce the desired benefits of stronger learning and school success, along with savings
from reduced needs for special education,
grade retention, remediation, or dropping out.