They said the gains were inflated by the retention of low - performing 3rd
graders after 2002, when Florida ended «social promotion» by requiring students who failed 3rd
grade tests to
repeat that
grade.
A North Carolina study found that students who attended sixth
grade at a middle school were more likely to be suspended, and later to
repeat a
grade or drop out of school, compared to counterparts who attended sixth
grade in an elementary school.17 A longitudinal study of New York City sixth
graders found that attending sixth
grade in a middle school, as opposed to a K - 8 school, produced a negative impact on achievement that began in the first year and extended throughout the middle school years.