A review of 67 separate controlled trials found that even a modest 10 -
gram per day increase in fiber intake reduced LDL, or «bad» cholesterol, as well as total cholesterol.
Thus the data in fact support the findings of the Hamilton sodium studies, showing that intake below 3
grams per day increases CVD risk!
The finding that daily sodium intake below 3 grams significantly increased cardiovascular disease risk was supported by two subsequent studies that involved over one hundred thousand participants.3, 4 When those with and without hypertension were evaluated it was found that sodium intake of about 7
grams per day increased the cardiovascular risk of hypertensives but not in those without hypertension.3
The CDC criticisms of studies showing that sodium intake below 3
grams per day increased CVD risk contain no valid arguments.
Ironically, data from two studies cited in the CDC article under the «consistency» criteria support the conclusion that sodium intake of less than 3
grams per day increases cardiovascular risk.
Not exact matches
For every 1.8 ounces (50
grams) of processed meat eaten
per day, every
day — the equivalent of one hot dog — the risk of cancers of the lower stomach...
increases by 18 %.
A recent study at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center found that for every 10 -
gram increase in soluble fiber eaten
per day, visceral belly fat was reduced by 3.7 percent over five years.
After three months of treatment, this
increased to 227
grams of breast milk
per day.
The other trick is to drastically
increase your carbs consumption one
day in the week, taking it to 3 consumed
grams of carbs
per each pound of bodyweight.
However, note that if you decide to go on a low - carb diet, you will need to
increase your protein intake to a minimum of 11/2 -2
grams per pound of bodyweight, every
day.
Increase your fiber intake far in advance of your race so that your body has time to get used to a higher intake if you normally don't get enough (adults should aim to get between 21 and 38
grams of fiber
per day,
per the U.S. National Library of Medicine).
In other words, cut carb intake to 1
gram per pound of bodyweight on training
days and 0.5
grams on rest
days, but at the same time, make sure to
increase your protein intake to 1.5
grams per pound of bodyweight on training
days and 2
grams on rest
days.
A study showed that limiting your fiber intake to 20
grams per day can
increase your DHT levels.
Now is the time to
increase both your carbs and protein intake up to 2.5
grams of carbs
per pound of bodyweight and 1.2
grams of protein
per pound of bodyweight on training
days.
So instead of following the same strict diet plan for weeks, try dieting for 4 - 5
days (considering the above prescribed carb and protein intake), then take one
day off and dramatically
increase carb intake up to 3
grams per pound of bodyweight.
Carbohydrates: 35 — 45 % of your calories (90
grams per day is best for most adults); carbs should
increase throughout the
day with 1 serving at breakfast, 2 at lunch, and 3 at dinner.
In a controlled trial of overweight postmenopausal women, consuming 3.5 ounces (96
grams) of cheese
per day for two weeks led to a 5 %
increase in HDL levels.
During the same time, US fructose consumption significantly
increased, from about 37
grams per day in 1977 to about 49
grams per day in 2004.
After various lb calculations, the scientists worked out that this
increase would equate to over 30
grams of fat loss
per day.
Protein shakes are a convenient addition of protein to make the minimum quota of 20 - 30
grams per 3 meals a
day via a delicious smoothie that feels like a treat is helpful for stopping the loss of muscle and
increasing fat burning.
The difference on low carb
days is that your protein intake should
increase slightly up to 1.5 to 1.6
grams of protein
per pound of bodyweight.
Next,
increase your daily carbs intake to 4
grams per pound of bodyweight one or two
days before you want your muscles to look their biggest.
As little as four weeks of beta - alanine supplementation with 4 - 6
grams per day can greatly boost concentrations of muscle carnosine, an amino acid compound which
increases stamina and strength and stimulates muscle development.
Daily beta - alanine supplementation with 4 - 6
grams per day for at least two weeks improves exercise performance in terms of
increased training volume, power and delayed fatigue, especially during short bursts.
With just 5 to 10
grams per day, there's good evidence it can lead to
increased power output, muscular endurance, and muscle size — partly by bringing more water into the muscles, though over time it does indeed help with actual hypertrophy.
In contrast, a negligible percentage of the hypertensive population of the U.S. and Canada is at
increased risk of CVD events because of a sodium intake exceeding 7
grams per day.
It is concluded that
increased sodium intake is a cardiovascular risk factor only for hypertensives with sodium intake above about 6
grams per day.
The «wildly speculative values» of 3 to 7
grams per day referred to by Cordain came from a cohort study published in 2011 in The Journal of the American Medical Association in which sodium intake of almost twenty - nine thousand patients with established cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus was estimated by twenty - four - hour urinary sodium excretion.26 During the follow - up of fifty - four months, the study found that daily sodium intake below three
grams and above seven
grams significantly
increased cardiovascular risk.
The researchers determined that the
increased risk of sodium excretion above the reference range was due to hypertension while the risk associated with sodium excretion less than 3
grams per day was due to other causes.
THE CDC WEIGHS IN On June 1, 2016, the same
day that CDC announced the new recommendations regarding the salt content of processed foods, the agency published an article, «Dietary Sodium and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Measurement Matters,» which was an attempt to discredit recent studies (including the Hamilton sodium studies) showing that sodium intake of less than 3
grams per day significantly
increases risk of death and serious CVD events, and to support their contention that sodium intake of 1.5
grams per day is adequate for adults.5
In the last year I
increased my carb consumption to taste — probably around 250
grams per day.
This statement is not consistent with the conclusion of the 2016 Hamilton study, which found that sodium intake greater than 7
grams per day was associated with
increased risk of death and major cardiovascular events only in those with hypertension (hazard ratio 1.23) and not in those without hypertension (hazard ratio 0.9).
In those without hypertension, compared to 4 to 5
grams per day, the
increased risk of death or serious CVD events was significant only when excretion was less than 3
grams per day (hazard ratio 1.26.)
A: Most clinical studies have found that taking between 3 - 6
grams of beta alanine
per day over the course of a month can
increase carnosine levels by as much as 80 %.
Approximately 40 percent of the total population of the U.S. and Canada has sodium intake of less than 3
grams per day (supplied by about one and one - half teaspoons of salt) and is therefore at significantly
increased risk of death and major CVD events.
As in the TOHP trials, the authors did not acknowledge the fact that the study data showed
increased cardiovascular risk associated with a sodium intake less than 3
grams per day.
Aim for 35 - 45
grams of fiber
per day for women, and 40 - 50
grams per day for men, but slowly
increase in 5 -
gram increments each
day to get to the goal without gas or bloating.
Compared to the sodium reference range of 4 to 6
grams per day, an
increased risk of death and CVD events were associated with sodium excretion of over 7
grams per day (hazard ratio 1.15) and with sodium excretion of less than 3
grams per day (hazard ratio 1.27).
It has been estimated that about 40 percent of the U.S. population is at
increased risk for cardiovascular events due to sodium intake of less than 3
grams per day.
Seventeen hypercholesterolemic male subjects were given macadamia nuts (40 to 90
grams per day) for a period of four weeks, which was followed by an expected
increase in blood monounsaturated fatty acids.
The available data appear to show that the
increased cardiovascular risk among those with sodium excretion greater than 3.0
grams per day is explained entirely by the variables of BMI, sex and hypertension.
The study also found that those with hypertension, but not those without hypertension, are at
increased risk when sodium excretion exceeds 7
grams per day.
One cited study, which attributes stroke to excessive salt intake, is a meta - analysis of thirteen studies published between 1966 and 2008 in which most measurements of sodium intake were highly inaccurate estimates based on food frequency questionnaires.22 The second is a review of fifty - two studies, which concluded that strokes are not caused by excess sodium but rather by insufficient potassium, a finding that is consistent with the preponderance of evidence.23 Cordain ignores more recent large clinical and epidemiological studies, which have found that sodium intakes of less than 3
grams per day significantly
increase cardiovascular risk.3, 4
Most importantly, the study found that sodium excretion equal to the «adequate intake» promoted by health officials of 1.5
grams per day was associated with a large
increased risk of death and serious CVD events compared to the average reference level of 4.5
grams per day (hazard ratio 1.80).
It is noted that a sodium intake of less than 2
grams per day, which approximates the sodium intake of the paleo diet with no added salt, was associated with a 68 percent
increase in cardiovascular disease risk during follow - up of fifty - four months in the study reviewed in the Kresser blog.26 Another study, which excluded subjects with cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes, found that after thirty - three months, the cardiovascular risk of those with daily sodium excretion of 1.9
grams was 36 percent higher after adjustment for body mass index and sex than the risk of those excreting 3
grams.6
The observed risk of 7.2 percent is 36 percent higher than the 5.3 percent expected risk, which indicates that sodium intake below 3
grams per day significantly
increases CVD risk.
On the high end of sodium consumption, 11 percent of hypertensive study participants had sodium intake greater than 7
grams per day and were therefore also at significant
increased risk.
RECENT STUDY ON ADVERSE EFFECTS OF LOW SODIUM INTAKE About the same time that U.S. health officials announced their new initiative to reduce salt intake, The Lancet published a large population - based study which showed persuasively that the risk of mortality and serious cardiovascular events
increases significantly when salt intake drops below 3000 mg
per day (two - thirds teaspoon) in an adult of average weight.3 The study also found that sodium intake in excess of seven
grams per day (over three teaspoons salt) was associated with an
increased risk in those with hypertension, but not in those without hypertension.
In contrast, it is estimated that about 40 percent of the population of the U.S. and Canada are at
increased risk due to sodium intakes of less than 3
grams per day.
The study concluded that compared with moderate sodium intake of 4 to 5
grams per day (two to two and one - half teaspoons salt), high sodium intake, greater than 7
grams per day is associated with a significantly
increased risk of death and serious CVD events in hypertensive populations only, but not in the normotensive population.