Sentences with phrase «granule cell»

Each tab in the spreadsheet represents human or chimpanzee expression data from anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; layers 3, 5), primary motor cortex (M1; layers 3, 5), primary sensory cortex (S1; layers 3, 4, 5), primary visual cortex (V1; layers 3, 4a, 4b, 4c, 5), caudate nucleus (CN; gray matter), or cerebellum (CB; granule cell layer).

For the detection of specific antigens, the following primary antibodies were used: mouse monoclonal anti-Tuj1 (Covance, Princeton, NJ, USA) as a neuronal marker, rabbit anti-L1 (kindly provided from Dr. Asou)[52] and rat monoclonal anti-L1 (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) as granule cell markers, rabbit anti-calbindin D28K (Millipore) as a Purkinje cell marker, and rabbit anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, DAKO, Denmark) as an astrocyte marker.

Altered patterning of dentate granule cell mossy fiber inputs onto CA3 pyramidal cells in limbic epilepsy.

When a new granule cell neuron is made in the dentate gyrus, it needs to get «wired in,» by forming synapses, or connections, in order to contribute to circuit function.

Overstreet - Wadiche and UAB colleagues posed a basic question: Since the number of neurons in the dentate gyrus increases by neurogenesis while the number of neurons in the cortex remains the same, does the brain create additional synapses from the cortical neurons to the new granule cells, or do some cortical neurons transfer their connections from mature granule cells to the new granule cells?

Knowing the function of cerebellar granule cells could lead to further important discoveries.

Their answer, garnered through a series of electrophysiology, dendritic spine density and immunohistochemistry experiments with mice that were genetically altered to produce either more new neurons or kill off newborn neurons, supports the second model — some of the cortical neurons transfer their connections from mature granule cells to the new granule cells.

In agreement with predictions from these models, we show that minimal changes in the shape of the environment in which rats are exploring can substantially alter correlated activity patterns among place - modulated granule cells in the dentate gyrus.

For decades neuroscientists have been building theories of brain function despite a near total lack of data on the most numerous neurons of all: cerebellar granule cells.

Cerebellar granule cells form part of a brain circuit with a strikingly regular, almost crystalline, structure.

But gathering data on granule cells turned out to be not so easy.

Investigating granule cells in the rat's brain, they found a much larger proportion of inactive than active cells.

When the researchers blocked the NuRD complex, cells in the cerebellum called granule cells failed to form connections with other nerve cells, the Purkinje neurons.

Some FGF2 - treated cells also expressed markers for the rhombic lip — the structure from which granule cells develop and migrate, and a marker specific to migrating granule precursors by week seven.

We have tested this hypothesis by generating and analyzing a mouse strain that lacks the gene encoding the essential subunit of the N - methyl - d - aspartate (NMDA) receptor NR1, specifically in dentate gyrus granule cells.

These cells also showed early markers that are specific to developing Purkinje cells, granule cells, or deep cerebellar projection neurons — all types of neurons only found in the cerebellum.

These results provide evidence that NMDA receptors in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus play a crucial role in the process of pattern separation.

Here we identify protein kinase N1 (PKN1) as a novel key player in fine - tuning the balance between axonal outgrowth and presynaptic differentiation in the parallel fiber — forming (PF - forming) cerebellar granule cells (Cgcs).

The majority of DG granule cells were not active during engram labeling (blue, non-engram cells).

Tonically active GABA - A receptors and electrical properties of cerebellar granule cells in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down Syndrome

dendritic spine density on granule cells is decreased on average by 17 % compared to in wild - type mice

in fascia dentate, spine density is significantly decreased on dendrites of granule cells; dendritic spines are significantly enlarged; dendritic width is similar to controls

Almost all of these small neurons were identified to be cerebellar granule cells based on their morphology and that they were stained by anti-neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (Fig. 1A)[19].

Dendrites of dentate gyrus granule cells contribute to pattern separation by controlling sparsity Chavlis, S., Petrantonakis, C.P., Poirazi, P. Hippocampus.

Engin E, Zarnowska ED, Benke D, Tsvetkov E, Sigal M, Keist R, Bolshakov VY, Pearce RA, Rudolph U. Tonic inhibitory control of dentate gyrus granule cells by α5 - containing GABAA receptors reduces memory interference.

Chronic fluoxetine stimulates maturation and synaptic plasticity of adult - born hippocampal granule cells.

Not exact matches

After releasing their granules, the cells lose the ability to make an enzyme called chloroacetate esterase, so they no longer show up when exposed to a dye that reacts with the enzyme.

The shape and chemical composition of these granules is identical to organelles found in cells called melanosomes; these being responsible for creating and storing the pigment melanin.

Instead they have found sacs containing granules of pure iron in the trophocytes of the bees» abdomens; these cells nourish the reproductive organs of the bee.

The cortical cells are fibrous and contain pigment granules of varying darkness that give hair strands their natural color.

In addition to the microbes tangled together in the granules, they've found that the watery oases also house other bacteria, algae, fungi, single - celled animals called protozoans, and even tiny invertebrate animals including insect larvae, worms and various tardigrades.

NK cells are cytotoxic; small granules in their cytoplasm contain special proteins such as perforin and proteases known as granzymes.

Their results demonstrate that specific rhoptry and dense granule effector proteins that T. gondii secretes before and after host cell invasion, respectively, control the development of an effective host antitumor response, and increase the survival of mice with ovarian tumors.

But when cells undergo stress — anything from heat to starvation or infection — proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules can clump into stress granules, which are free of enclosing membranes and often form small globs akin to hair gel suspended in a tub of water.

The scientists are now modifying the iPOLYMER system so that the hydrogels integrate RNA molecules into their structures, making them better mimics of the stress granules seen in human cells.

The authors then found that cells of a certain cell type, called lipophils, simultaneously secretes granules whose contents rapidly break down the algae.

When confronted with invading bacteria, cells within the multicellular slug stage of the social amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum) immediately seek to kill them, casting extracellular traps made of DNA nets studded with antimicrobial granules.

To survive, the cell sequesters in the granules» genetic material that codes for cell proteins not necessary for survival - critical processes.

In test tube studies and experiments with cells, the researchers found that the TIA1 mutation causes the protein to become more «sticky,» delaying the normal disassembly of stress granules, trapping TDP - 43.

At one end of the neuroepithelium, a region developed that was positive for markers of progenitors of granule and deep cerebellar nuclei projection neurons and negative for Purkinje - cell markers, and whose origins could be traced to the rhombic lip zone of the cerebellar plate.

The large blue blobs are granules that sequester mRNAs when cells are stressed.

In this context, we have studied the role of ERK7 in Drosophila S2 cells in response to serum starvation, and have shown that amino - acid starvation leads to the formation of a of novel membrane-less stress assembly, the Sec bodies, as well as stress granules.

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Mast cells are granular cells, meaning they contain many secretory granules which, when activated, release their contents into the blood stream (see picture on right).

They found that the red giant's surface has just a few convective cells, or granules, that are each about 75 million miles (120 million kilometers) across.

They kill cells by releasing small cytoplasmic granules of proteins called perforin and granzyme that cause the target cell to die by apoptosis (programmed cell death).

The actin cytoskeleton and cytotoxic T lymphocytes: evidence for multiple roles that could affect granule exocytosis - dependent target cell killing.

Adrenal chromaffin cells exhibit impaired granule trafficking in NCAM knockout mice.

Insulin - like growth factor - I blocks Bcl - 2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim) induction and intrinsic death signaling in cerebellar granule neurons.

Eosinophil extracellular DNA trap cell death mediates lytic release of free secretion - competent eosinophil granules in humans.