Regression analyses indicated that, above and beyond demographic characteristics, ADHD symptom severity, and initial levels of comorbidity, sleep problems significantly predicted
greater ODD symptoms, general externalizing behavior problems, and depressive symptoms 1 year later.
Not exact matches
Parents reporting higher levels of initial parental distress had children who displayed more
ODD - related
symptoms on the Eyberg intensity scale at pretreatment, but made
greater gains by follow - up than children of parents reporting less initial parental distress.
In general, the child characteristics that were significant predictors of treatment outcomes followed a similar pattern to that for the parent characteristics, with children showing poorer initial functioning showing
greater gains with treatment (i.e., more internalizing
symptoms, more temperamental difficulty,
greater functional impairment), but the children with less severe initial problems showing lower levels of
ODD - related
symptoms at each trial.
It should, however, be noted that the high temporal stability of both
ODD and CD
symptoms renders reciprocal associations between the two constructs less probable insofar as the
greater the stability of a construct, the less the chance of finding other variables that potentially explain its variance [33].